Table 2.
Cases summary on hyper-progression after immunotherapy
| Tumor type | Gender | Age (years) | Agents | Radiotherapy before ICIs | Clinical symptoms | Progressive organ | Ref. |
| SCLC | Male | 35 | Nivolumab | No | Pleural effusion | Chest wall | Chiba et al.[119] (2020) |
| LUSC | Male, Male | 69, 80 | Nivolumab | No | Pneumonia, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion | Lung | Kanazu et al.[29] (2018) |
| LUAD | Female | 66 | Pembrolizumab | Yes | Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion | Brain, lung | Fricke et al.[120] (2020) |
| LUAD | Male | 68 | Nivolumab | No | Jaundice, fever | Liver, pancreas | Martorana et al.[121] (2021) |
| LUAD | Female | 63 | Sintilimab | Yes | Abdominal distension, poor appetite | Liver, pancreas | Lin et al.[122] (2020) |
| LUAD | Male | 65 | Pembrolizumab and paclitaxel liposome (salvage treatment: c-Met inhibitor) | Yes | - | Brain, lung | Peng et al.[36] (2020) |
| LPC | Male | 66 | Atezolizumab | Yes | Pericardial effusion, pericarditis, pleural effusion | Lung, brain, liver, diaphragm | Oguri et al.[123] (2021) |
| ESCC | Male | 40 | Camrelizumab | No | - | Liver | Wang et al.[124] (2020) |
| GC | Male | 36 | Nivolumab (salvage treatment: capecitabine and pyrotinib) | No | - | Lung, liver | Huang et al.[125] (2019) |
| AEG | Female | 56 | Pembrolizumab (salvage treatment: paclitaxel and ramucirumab) | No | - | Lung, spine, ilium, retroperitoneal lymph node, etc. | Sama et al.[38] (2019) |
| HCC | Male | 36 | Atezolizumab and bevacizumab | No | Abdominal pain | Liver | Singh et al.[126] (2021) |
| HCC | Male/Male/Male | 69/72/69 | Tremelimumab/nivolumab/tremelimumab and durvalumab | No/TARE/TARE | - | Liver, portal vein thrombosis/lung, peritoneum/liver, lung | Wong et al.[127] (2019) |
| COAD | Female | 48 | Pembrolizumab | No | Fatigue | Liver, retroperitoneal lymph node | Chan et al.[128] (2020) |
| CMM | Female | 25 | Nivolumab | Yes | Ascites, pleural effusion, epilepsy | Peritoneum, pleura, brain | Yilmaz et al.[129] (2019) |
| AMM | Female | 49 | Ipilimumab and nivolumab (salvage treatment: chemotherapy)? | No | - | Lung, brain | Forschner et al.[130] (2017) |
| MMM | Female | 79 | Ipilimumab and nivolumab | Yes | Fulminant myocarditis, ascites, dizzy | Lung, peritoneum | Barham et al.[34] (2021) |
| MM | Female | 13 | Nivolumab | Yes | - | Multiple organs | Vaca et al.[28] (2019) |
| IBC | Male | 78 | Nivolumab | Yes | - | Sternum, liver | Koukourakis et al.[131] (2020) |
| KIRC | Female | 42 | Nivolumab | Yes | Arthritis of hand and knee | Lung | Liu et al.[30] (2021) |
| mUC | Male | 57 | Anti-PD-L1 and immune checkpoint modulator | No | - | Liver, brain | Grecea et al.[132] (2020) |
| CSEC | Female | 46 | Pembrolizumab | Yes | Biliary obstruction | Liver | Lin et al.[122] (2020) |
| SCCC | Female | 49 | Pembrolizumab | No | - | Lung | Xu et al.[32] (2019) |
| PM | Male | 75 | Nivolumab | No | Abdominal distension | Liver | Ikushima et al.[133] (2020) |
| TNBC | Female | 67 | Pembrolizumab and gemcitabine (salvage treatment: atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel) | No | Fatigue, poor appetite, abdominal pain | Liver | Feng et al.[37] (2021) |
| MSC | Female | 60 | Nivolumab | No | Decreased eyesight | Orbit, brain | Xiang et al.[134] (2020) |
| LS | Male | 63 | Durvalumab and tremelimumab | Yes | - | Liver | Chan et al.[135] (2020) |
SCLC: Small cell lung cancer; LUSC: lung squamous cell carcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma; LPC: lung pleomorphic carcinoma; ESCC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; GC: gastric cancer; AEG: adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; COAD: colon adenocarcinoma; CMM: cutaneous malignant melanoma; AMM: acral malignant melanoma; MMM: mucosal malignant melanoma; MM: malignant melanoma; IBC: invasive bladder cancer; KIRC: kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; mUC: metastatic urothelial cancer; CSEC: cervical squamous epithelium carcinoma; SCCC: small cell carcinoma of cervix; PM: peritoneal mesothelioma; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; MSC: maxillary sinus carcinoma; LS: liposarcoma.