Figure 1. Study and Analysis Flowchart.

Age is age at recruitment. Diabetes is defined as a previous diagnosis or diagnosed at stroke presentation in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria. Hypertension is defined as a previous diagnosis or blood pressure of ≥140/90 mm Hg at presentation. Hyperlipidemia is defined as a previous diagnosis or cholesterol >5 mmol/L at presentation. Smoking status is defined as self-report of current, ex-smoker <1 year ago, ex-smoker >1 year ago, or never smoker. Stroke subtyping was defined previously.²⁰ ICV is defined as outlined in Methods. ACE-R = Addenbrooke's Cognitive Assessment–Revised; mRS = modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS = NIH Stroke Scale; WMH = white matter hyperintensities.