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. 2019 Jun 19;2(2):161–177. doi: 10.20517/cdr.2018.27

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© The Author(s) 2019.

© The Author(s) 2019. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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EGFR/PI3K/MAPK/ERK1/2-FOXO3a pathways in cancer drug resistance. Overexpression of MIEN1 and ABCG2/ABCB1 initiates the cisplatin resistance by targeting Akt/RelA/p50 and efflux of cisplatin respectively. MIEN1 targets Akt/RelA/p50 and induces overexpression of the anti-apoptotic proteins. Akt protein activated by MIEN1 inhibits FOXO3a function. Together, P38 and JNK phosphorylate FOXO3a protein which results in to its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. MEK/ERK pathway phosphorylates FOXM1 proteins which results in to translocation of these proteins inside the nucleus. Phosphorylated FOXM1 transcribes several genes which positively involves in drug resistance