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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Mater Technol. 2021 Sep 14;7(1):2100885. doi: 10.1002/admt.202100885

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Schematics for illustrating the bubble-based sonoporation mechanisms. They illustrate mechanisms based on (a) the jetting effect caused by a bubble undergoing inertial cavitation, (b) the shock waves generated from a collapsing bubble, (c) the acoustic streaming induced by a stable oscillating bubble, (d) the pushing effect on the cell membrane induced by bubble expansion during oscillation, (e) the pulling effect on the cell membrane induced by bubble contraction during oscillation, (f) the force applied on the cell membrane by a bubble that is pushed through the membrane under an acoustic radiation force.