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. 2022 Apr 8;12:5968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10009-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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System for the generation of atmospheric microwave plasma-activated water (PAW) and real-time measurements of the pH and conductivity of PAW. (A) Schematics of the 2.45 GHz microwave plasma system and plasma-activated water system. (B) Optical emission spectra showing the chemical species produced from the plasma system operated at different powers. (C) The pH of PAW monitored for 3 h during microwave plasma treatment. (D) Plasma-activated water (PAW) conductivity increased gradually as the plasma treatment time increased. All data points represent means ± standard deviations of three replicate measurements.