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. 2022 Apr 8;12:5968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10009-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Measurement of nitrogen oxide produced by microwave plasma and nitrate concentrations in plasma-activated water (PAW). (A) The concentrations of total nitrogen oxide (NOx), nitric oxide (NO) and nitric dioxide (NO₂) were assessed at microwave powers of 500 W, 1.0 kW, and 1.2 kW. As the power increased, species generation increased. (B) Only nitrate anion (NO₃⁻) was detected by ion chromatography in PAW. (C) Changes in the nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentration of PAW over 3 h. (D) The nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentration in PAW remained steady at 1095–1390.5 ppm for 7 months.