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. 2022 Apr 8;12:5968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10009-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Peroxynitrate (ONOO⁻) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers experiment demonstrated bactericidal activity of ONOO⁻ in plasma-activated water (PAW). (A) Mn(III)tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) as an ONOO⁻ scavenger added to PAW solutions with 886 and 708 ppm nitrate had little antibacterial activity, regardless of MnTBAP treatment time (24 and 48 h) and concentration (1000 and 2000 μM). (B) Bactericidal effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) as a ROS scavenger-supplemented PAW solution with 886 ppm nitrate against Staphylococcus aureus was the same as that of PAW. (C) Quantitative comparison of effects of H₂O₂ as ROS in PAW and HeO₂ gas-type plasma with DW as a control. There was no detectable H₂O₂ in PAW or DW.