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. 2022 Apr 8;12:5968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10009-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effectiveness of plasma-activated water (PAW) treatment on SARS-CoV-2 (A) SARS-CoV-2 titer treated with concentrated (5 ×) PAW compared to those in PBS-treated samples (control, CON). Each sample was treated for 10 min. (B) Bright-field image of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero-E6 cells showing a viral cytopathic effect (CPE). In the image of SARS-CoV-2 only infected cells, a significant decrease in the number of cells by cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 was observed, compared with the other three images of normal Vero-E6 cells of non-treated, PAW-only treated, and treated with a mixture of SARS-CoV-2 and PAW groups. Each value represents the average ± standard deviation of three replicate measurements. Three replicate measurements were used for statistical analyses. ***P < 0.001.