Table 1.
Group Characteristics at Index
| Characteristics | IRHH (N=38,617) | Housed individuals (N=15,022,369) | Matched housed individuals1 (N=186,858) | STD difference (IRHH vs housed) | P-value (IRHH vs housed) | STD difference (IRHH vs matched) | P-value (IRHH vs matched) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group, N (%) | |||||||
| Youth (< 25 yrs) | 7429 (19.2) | 4,117,377 (27.4) | 36,311 (19.4) | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.008 |
| Young Adults (25 to 39 yrs) | 14,021 (36.3) | 3,254,132 (21.7) | 66,192 (35.4) | 0.33 | 0.02 | ||
| Older Adults (40 to 64 yrs) | 14,557 (37.7) | 5,108,358 (34.0) | 71,300 (38.2) | 0.08 | 0.01 | ||
| Seniors (65+ yrs) | 2610 (6.8) | 2,542,502 (16.9) | 13,055 (7.0) | 0.32 | 0.01 | ||
| Female, N (%) | 12,346 (32.0) | 7,620,547 (50.7) | 61,569 (32.9) | 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Income quintile2 | |||||||
| Quintile 1 (lowest) | 16,091 (41.7) | 2,942,457 (19.6) | 186,858 (100.0) | 0.49 | <0.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Quintile 2 | 8126 (21.0) | 2,923,710 (19.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.04 | |||
| Quintile 3 | 7130 (18.5) | 3,176,456 (21.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.07 | |||
| Quintile 4 | 3807 (9.9) | 2,983,780 (19.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.28 | |||
| Quintile 5 (highest) | 3463 (9.0) | 2,995,966 (19.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.32 | |||
| Level of rurality, N (%) | |||||||
| Large CMA (>500K) | 22,004 (57.0) | 9,184,393 (61.1) | 107,068 (57.3) | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Medium CMA (100-500K) | 10,237 (26.5) | 3,060,852 (20.4) | 49,275 (26.4) | 0.15 | 0 | ||
| Small CMA (10-100K) | 2963 (7.7) | 1,013,810 (6.7) | 14,487 (7.8) | 0.04 | 0 | ||
| Non-CMA regions | 2343 (6.1) | 1,291,557 (8.6) | 11,579 (6.2) | 0.10 | 0.01 | ||
| Unknown or missing | 1070 (2.8) | 471,757 (3.1) | 4449 (2.4) | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, N (%)3 | |||||||
| No hospitalizations | 28,658 (74.2) | 13,612,789 (90.6) | 142,877 (76.5) | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| 0 | 6647 (17.2) | 1,028,454 (6.8) | 28,502 (15.3) | 0.32 | 0.05 | ||
| 1 | 1699 (4.4) | 161,215 (1.1) | 7789 (4.2) | 0.20 | 0.01 | ||
| 2+ | 1613 (4.2) | 219,911 (1.5) | 7690 (4.1) | 0.16 | 0 | ||
| Specific comorbidities, N (%) | |||||||
| Asthma or COPD | 8799 (22.8) | 2,256,288 (15.0) | 34,994 (18.7) | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 4142 (10.7) | 1,422,309 (9.5) | 22,929 (12.3) | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 841 (2.2) | 253,322 (1.7) | 4179 (2.2) | 0.04 | <0.001 | 0 | 0.481 |
| Hypertension | 5793 (15.0) | 3,041,309 (20.2) | 35,948 (19.2) | 0.14 | <0.001 | 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease | 4547 (11.8) | 322,277 (2.1) | 8836 (4.7) | 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Care for mental health disorders, N (%)4 | |||||||
| Psychotic disorders | 9782 (25.3) | 168,340 (1.1) | 7002 (3.7) | 0.77 | <0.001 | 0.64 | <0.001 |
| Non-psychotic disorders | 18,666 (48.3) | 1,704,326 (11.3) | 37,315 (20.0) | 0.88 | <0.001 | 0.63 | <0.001 |
| Substance use disorders | 15,810 (40.9) | 198,616 (1.3) | 11,932 (6.4) | 1.11 | <0.001 | 0.89 | <0.001 |
1Community-dwelling Ontarians living in income quintile 1 neighborhoods with recent contact with the healthcare system who are matched to individuals with a recent history of homelessness (5:1) on age, sex, level of rurality, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score
2Dissemination area level income quintile, derived from 2016 Census data. Missing and unknown values were recoded to income quintile 3.
3Calculated using hospitalization data from the past 2 years
4Occuring in the past year
STD standardized, CMA Census Metropolitan Area, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IQR interquartile range