Table 2.
Mean Annual Number of Outpatient and Inpatient Visits per Member Among Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and General Population Controls, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2012
| ASD | ADHD | GP | Adjusted mean ratios a (RR) (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | ASD vs. ADHD | ASD vs. GP | |
| Any outpatient clinic visit | 8.0 (19.5) | 4 (1, 8) | 7.1 (14.4) | 3 (1, 8) | 3.9 (8.8) | 2 (0, 4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) |
| Primary care visit | 2.5 (3.5) | 1 (0, 3) | 2.1 (3.5) | 1 (0, 3) | 1.5 (2.8) | 1 (0, 2) | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| Mental health/psychiatry | 2.8 (8.7) | 0 (0, 2) | 1.5 (5.0) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.3 (2.0) | 0 (0, 0) | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | 11.7 (9.3–14.8) |
| Neurology | 0.1 (0.6) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0 (0, 0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 2.2 (1.6–3.2) |
| Gynecology | 0.7 (1.6) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.4 (2.1) | 0 (0, 0) | 1.6 (3.5) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) |
| Speech therapy | 0.0 (0.2) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0 (0, 0) | 7.5 (2.4–23.8) | 26.7 (6.6–109.0) |
| Physical/occupational therapy | 0.1 (0.6) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.2 (1.3) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.1 (1.1) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) |
| Laboratory | 2.1 (4.9) | 1 (0, 2) | 1.9 (4.1) | 1 (0, 2) | 1.4 (2.9) | 0 (0, 2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| Radiology | 0.6 (1.7) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.7 (1.6) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.5 (1.4) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| Emergency department visit | 0.4 (1.3) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.4 (1.2) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) |
| Inpatient hospitalization | 0.1 (0.4) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0 (0, 0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| Same-day hospitalization | 0.1 (0.5) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) |
| Hospitalization for ambulatory case sensitive diagnoses | 0.1 (0.9) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0 (0, 0) | 0.0 (0.3) | 0 (0, 0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.26 (1.0–1.7) |
a
Adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity, total length of KPNC membership, and nine categories of medical and psychiatric comorbidities (immune conditions, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric conditions, nutritional conditions, and endocrine conditions) identified with diagnosis codes for the primary and secondary reasons for visit.
RR, rate ratio; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.