Table 1.
Characteristics of included clinical studies.
| References | Study design (level of evidence) | No. of patients | Classification | LT fragment involved | Case treatment | Mean age, y. | Mean follow-up, mo. | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. (12) | Cases series (IV) | 22 | 31-A2: 15 31-A3: 7 |
All with DDLT > 5 mm | IM nails with wiring | 75.8 | 15.1 | MINORS: 10 |
| Sun et al. (22) | Retrospective comparative (II) | A: 42 B: 33 C: 36 |
A: 31-A2: 39 31-A3: 3 B: 31-A2: 30 31-A3: 3 C: 31-A2: 34 31-A3: 2 |
All A: DDLT <1 cm B: DDLT ≥1 cm without fixation C: DDLT ≥1 cm with fixation |
A: IM nails B: IM nails C: IM nails with wiring |
A: 77.7 B: 77 C: 78.3 |
A: 17.2 B: 17.6 C: 17.9 |
NOS: 9 |
| Liu et al. (5) | Retrospective comparative (II) | A: 48 B: 37 |
A: 31-A2: 46 31-A3: 2 B: 31-A1: 36 31-A3: 1 |
A: All B: None |
IM nails | A: 77.3 B: 78.1 |
Minimum: 1 year |
NOS: 6 |
| Ye et al. (9) | Case series (IV) | 32 | EVANS II: 12 EVANS III:13 EVANS IV: 7 |
All | 19 DHS with lag screw 13 DHS with wiring | 64 | 13 | MINORS: 10 |
| Guo et al. (41) | Randomized controlled trail (I) | A: 32 B: 34 |
A: EVANS III: 32 B: EVANS III: 34 |
All | A: DHS with LT fixator B: DHS |
A: 59 B: 62 |
A: 15 B: 16 |
ROB (Figure 4) |
| Puram et al. (20) | Retrospective comparative (II) | 102 | 31-A2 | all | A: 28 DHS B: 74 DHS with wiring |
72 | 20 | NOS: 9 |
| Aprato et al. (19) | Retrospective comparative (II) | A: 12 B: 11 |
A: 31-A2: 8 31-A3: 4 B: 31-A1: 7 31-A3: 4 |
A: All B: None |
A: IM nails B: IM nails |
A: 51.7 B: 58.7 |
A: 43.1 B: 40.8 |
NOS: 6 |
| Schenkel et al. (3) | Cases series (IV) | 20 | 31-A2 and 31-A3 | All DDLT: 25 (20–47) mm |
19 IM nails 1 Condylar plate | 74 | 15.2 | MINORS: 12 |
| Li et al. (17) | Retrospective comparative (II) | 324 | 31-A2.1: 259 31-A2.2: 33 31-A2.3: 32 |
A: type 1a B: type 2a C: type 3a |
A: 186 IM nails B: 76 IM nails C: 62 IM nails |
73.2 | 27.3 | NOS: 8 |
| Ren et al. (42) | Retrospective comparative (II) | 143 | 31-A2 | A: LTFQb = 1 B: LTFQ = 2 C: LTFQ > 2 |
A: 48 IM nails B: 52 IM nails C: 43 IM nails |
73.5 | 16.1 | NOS: 8 |
| D: LTFRb <75% E: LTFR ≥ 75% |
D: 62 IM nails E: 81 IM nails |
Data are shown as mean, mean (range), mean ± SD, or mean ± SD (range).
a
type 1: LT fragment with fracture line not exceeding base of the lesser trochanter; type 2: a larger fragment of LT and posterior cortex involved near the base of LT with fracture line not reaching the midline of the posterior wall; type 3: a much larger fragment of LT and large posterior cortex involved with fracture line reaching or exceeding the midline of the posterior wall.
b
LTFQ: quantity of comminuted lesser trochanter fragments. LTFR: range of lesser trochanter fragment in the medial wall.
NR, not reported.