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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Leukos. 2021 Apr 28;18(2):154–172. doi: 10.1080/15502724.2021.1890115
where:  dorientation   =   geometric difference associated with orientation discontinuities at a particular image location
 m   =   (n + 1)((n − 1)/2)
N   =   three-dimensional surface normal corresponding to a particular image location