Table 3.
Outcomes of included trials.⁎
| First author | Anxiety |
Depression |
Mental Health Function |
Stress |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Hedges' g (95% CI) | Measure | Hedges' g (95% CI) | Measure | Hedges' g (95% CI) | Measure | Hedges' g (95% CI) | |
| Psychological Interventions | ||||||||
| Ding [25] | ZSAS | 7.00 (5.66, 8.34) | ZSDS | 4.89 (3.89, 5.89) | – | – | – | – |
| Gharaati [26] | DASS-21 | 0.76 (−0.00, 1.51) | DASS-21 | 1.07 (0.29, 1.85) | SCL-25 WHO-QOL |
0.42 (−0.32, 1.16) 0.16 (−0.57, 0.89) |
DASS-21 | 1.25 (0.45, −2.04) |
| Gu [27] | ZSAS | 0.72 (0.21, 1.24) | ZSDS | 0.63 (0.12, 1.14) | – | – | – | – |
| Guo [28] | ZSAS | 0.91 (0.37, 1.44) | ZSDS | 0.87 (0.33, 1.40) | – | – | – | – |
| Hui [29] | ZSAS | 3.50 (2.76, 4.23) | ZSDS | 2.40 (1.79, 3.01) | – | – | – | – |
| Jiang [30] | HAM-A | 7.60 (6.38, 8.82) | HAM-D | 7.90 (6.64, 9.17) | – | – | – | – |
| Li J. [31] | DASS-21 | 0.24 (−0.17, 0.65) | DASS-21 | 0.04 (−0.37, 0.45) | – | – | DASS-21 | 0.10 (−0.51, 0.31) |
| Liu Ying [32] | STAI (State) |
0.61 (0.27, 0.95) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Liu Yiwei [33] | GAD-7 | 1.70 (1.05, 2.36) | PHQ-9 | 1.70 (1.05, 2.36) | WHOQOL-BREF | 0.70 (0.12, 1.27) | – | – |
| Liu Z [34]. | HAM-A ZSAS |
1.70 (1.41, 1.99) 1.91 (1.61, 2.21) |
HAM-D ZSDS |
1.95 (1.65, 2.25) 1.79 (1.50, 2.09) |
– | – | – | – |
| Pan H. [35] | ZSAS | 4.06 (3.17, 4.96) | ZSDS | 3.33 (2.54, 4.12) | SF-36 | 1.47 (0.90, 2.05) | – | – |
| Pan R. [36] | ZSAS | 17.87 (13.37, 22.38) | ZSDS | 19.61 (14.68, 24.55) | – | – | – | – |
| Parizad [37] | STAI (State) STAI (Trait) |
0.72 (0.34, 1.11) 0.56 (0.18, 0.94) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shaygan [38] | – | – | – | – | CD-RISC | 0.49 (−0.09, 1.08) | PSS | 0.76 (0.17, 1.35) |
| Shi Q. [39] | ZSAS | 0.39 (−0.12, 0.91) | ZSDS | 2.51 (1.83, 3.19) | – | – | – | – |
| Shi Y. [40] | ZSAS | 0.89 (0.36, 1.43) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wang M. [41] | HAM-A SCL-90 |
0.69 (0.04, 1.33) 1.18 (0.50, 1.86) |
HAM-D SCL-90 |
0.68 (0.04, 1.33) 1.08 (0.41, 1.75) |
– | – | – | – |
| Wang Y. [42] | HAM-A | 2.30 (1.73, 2.88) | HAM-D | 1.90 (1.36, 2.44) | – | – | – | – |
| Wei [43] | HAM-A | 0.93 (0.03, 1.84) | HAM-D | 0.98 (0.07, 1.89) | – | – | – | – |
| Zhang A. [44] | ZSAS | 1.00 (0.71, 1.29) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Zhu L. [45] | ZSAS | 0.41 (−0.01, 0.82) | ZSDS | 0.57 (0.15, 0.98) | – | – | – | – |
| Physical/ Breathing Exercise Interventions | ||||||||
| Chen X. [46] | ZSAS | 2.92 (1.85, 3.98) | ZSDS | 2.53 (1.54, 3.53) | – | – | – | – |
| Liu K. [47] | STAI | 1.09 (0.50, 1.67) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Özlü [48] | STAI (State) STAI (Trait) |
2.41 (1.78, 3.04) −0.40 (−0.89, 0.09) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| Zhang Y. [49] | ZSAS | 1.04 (0.23, 1.84) | ZSDS | 0.78 (0.00, 1.56) | – | – | – | – |
| Zhu [50] | ZSAS | 4.06 (3.28, 4.83) | ZSDS | 2.99 (2.35, 3.63) | – | – | – | – |
| Mixed Interventions | ||||||||
| Cai [51] | HAM-A | 1.81 (1.21, 2.42) | HAM-D | 2.50 (1.81, 3.18) | – | – | – | – |
| Cao [52] | HAM-A | 1.29 (0.92, 1.66) | HAM-D | 0.95 (0.59, 1.30) | – | – | – | – |
| Cha [53] | ZSAS | 3.48 (2.48, 4.47) | ZSDS | 0.99 (0.33, 1.66) | – | – | – | – |
| Chakeri [54] | STAI (State) | 3.05 (2.47, 3.63) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chen Y. [55] | ZSAS | 0.45 (0.00, 0.89) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Deng [56] | ZSAS | 1.20 (0.64, 1.75) | ZSDS | 3.44 (2.64, 4.24) | – | – | – | – |
| Dong [57] | HAM-A | 1.61 (1.14, 2.09) | – | – | SF-36 | 1.76 (1.28, 2.25) | – | – |
| Fan [58] | ZSAS | 2.82 (2.26, 3.37) | ZSDS | 1.94 (1.46, 2.42) | – | – | – | – |
| Huang [59] | ZSAS | 6.74 (5.54, 7.93) | ZSDS | 2.72 (2.08, 3.36) | – | – | – | – |
| Li Lan [60] | ZSAS | 8.14 (6.58, 9.69) | HAM-D | 9.25 (7.50, 10.99) | – | – | – | – |
| Li Li [61] | ZSAS | 0.91 (0.53, 1.30) | ZSDS | 0.87 (0.49, 1.26) | SF-36 | 2.28 (1.81, 2.76) | – | – |
| Liu Q. [62] | ZSAS | 4.00 (3.44, 4.56) | ZSDS | 3.43 (2.93, 3.93) | – | – | – | – |
| Liu R. [63] | ZSAS | 2.12 (1.38, 2.87) | ZSDS | 3.15 (2.25, 4.04) | – | – | – | – |
| Lu [64] | ZSAS | 0.94 (0.56, 1.32) | ZSDS | 0.85 (0.48, 1.23) | SF-36 | 2.26 (1.80, 2.72) | – | – |
| Ma [65] | – | – | PHQ-9 | 3.60 (3.21, 4.00) | – | – | – | – |
| Nie [66] | GAD-7 | 2.72 (1.71, 3.73) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Xu [67] | ZSAS | 4.38 (3.56, 5.19) | ZSDS | 3.26 (2.59, 3.93) | – | – | – | – |
| Yang [68] | ZSAS | 26.98 (22.95, 31.01) | ZSDS | 15.20 (12.90, 17.50) | – | – | – | – |
| Zhang Y. [69] | ZSAS | 0.84 (−0.01, 1.69) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Zheng C. [70] | ZSAS | 1.30 (0.89, 1.71) | ZSDS | 2.23 (1.76, 2.71) | – | – | – | – |
| Zheng Y. [71] | ZSAS | 1.74 (1.14, 2.34) | ZSDS | 1.32 (0.75, 1.88) | – | – | – | – |
Abbreviations: CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; DASS-21 = Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAM-D=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionanaire-9; PSS=Perceived Stress Scale; SCL-25 = Symptoms Checklist-25; SCL-90 = Symptom Checklist-90; SF-36 = Short-Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey; STAI = State Trait Anxiety Inventory; WHOQOL-BREF = World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Brief; WHOQOL = World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire; ZSAS = Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale; ZSDS = Zung Self-rating Depression Scale.
⁎
Outcomes are reported with positive signs favoring the intervention group.