TABLE 2.
Characteristics of the case series studies
| First author | Country | Published time | Number of co‐infected patients | Median age (years) | Male/female | HIV treatment | Median duration of HIV infection (years) | CD4 count (Cells/mm3) | SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnosis method | COVID‐19 treatment | Clinical manifestations | Other comorbidities | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bartilotti‐Matos (82) | UK | Feb 2021 | 2 | 44.5 | 2 M | 2 FTC, 2 DTG, 2 TDF, 2TMP‐SMZ | NR | 122.5 |
PCR Chest CT |
NR | 1 Cough, 1 Dyspnea, 1 Diarrhea | 1 HZV, 1 Weight loss, 1 Oral candidiasis, 1 Pernicious anemia | 2 Recovery |
| Isernia (83) | France | Sep 2020 | 30 | 53.7 | 19 M/11F |
7 ABC, 8 3TC, 3 RAL, 5 DRV 5 RTV, 12 TAF 15 FTC, 7 EVG 7 COBI, 9 DTG 7 RPV, 2 NVP 2 BIC, 1 ATV 7 TDF, 2 DOR 1 MVC, 1 ZDV |
NR | 500 |
PCR Chest CT |
2 HCQ, 1 TCZ, 5 Dexamethasone | NR | 11 CVD, 11 HTN, 9 DM, 7 Obesity, 5 CKD |
2 Death 28 Recovery |
| Toombs (84) | UK | Jan 2021 | 3 | 55 | 2 M/1F | 1 RAL, 3TC, 1 ABC, 1 TVD, 1DTG, 1 NVP | 12 | 50/mm3 to 890/mm3 | Chest CT | NR |
3 Dyspnea, 1 Cough 2 Fevers, 1 anorexia, 1 Headaches |
2 T2DM, 2 HTN, 1 G6PD, 1 Stroke, 1 Obesity |
2 Recovery 1 Death |
| Li (85) | China | 2 | 30.5 | 2 M | NR | NR | NR |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
1 Abidor, 1 (TCZ/Abidor) | 2 Intermittent, 1 Fever, 2 Chest pain, 2 Dyspnea, 2 Cough, 1 Fatigue, 1 Poor appetite, 1 Dizziness | NR | 2 Recovery | |
| Madge (86) | London | Aug 2020 | 18 | 63 | 14 M/4F | 6 PI, 7TVD, 4ABC/3TC, 11 Integrase strand transfer Inhibitor | 19.5 | 439 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
NR | NR | 3 CVD, 7 DM, 4 CKD, 8 HTN, 4 CHD, 4 COPD, 1 Breast cancer |
3 Death 15 Recovery |
| Ridgway (30) | USA | Aug 2020 | 5 | 48 | 1 M/4F |
1ABC, 1DTG, 1 3 TC, 2 BIC, 4 FTC, 3 TAF, 1 EVG, 1COBI, 2 RTV, 2 DRV, 1 TDF, 1 RAL |
NR | 257.5 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
2 HCQ | 5 Cough, 4 Fever, 1 SOB, 2 Headache, 2 Myalgias, 3 Diarrhea, 1 yellow sputum, 3 Diarrhea, 2 Nausea, 2 Vomiting, 1 Dehydration, 2 Chills | 1 Predominantly cardiac symptoms, 1 T2DM, 1 Obstructive sleep apnea, 1 Hyperlipidemia, 2 HTN, 3 Obesity, 1 MTB, | 5 Recovery |
| Guo (87) | China | Jun 2020 | 14 | 56 | 13 M/1F |
7AZT, 5TDF, 11 3TC, 6 EFV, 1 RPV, 4 NVP, 1 Lpv/r, 1TAF, 1 FTC, 1 EVG/c |
NR | 141 to 817 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
NR |
10 Fever, 7 Cough, 7 Dyspnea, 11 Fatigue, 8 Blood pressure |
5 HTN, 1 COPD, 1 DM, 1 Lymphoma, 1 AF, 1 Cerebral Infarction, 1 KS, 1 Bronchiectasia, 1 MTB, 1 Anemia |
12 Recovery 2 Death |
| Sandes‐Freitas (88) | Brazil | Jan 2021 | 8 | 53.9 | 6 M/2F | 5 DTG, 8 3TC, 3 DRV, 3 RTV, 7 ABC, 1 EFV | NR | 535 | NR | 2 ST, 2 HCQ, 4 AZI, 3 OSE, 3 Heparin, 4 ATB, 1 Prophylactic enoxaparin | Fever, Dyspnea | 6 DM, 7 HTN, 1 HCV, 1 COPD, 3 CAD, 1 PKD |
3 Death 5 Recovery |
| Benkovic (89) | New York | Nov 2020 | 4 | 59.8 | 4 M |
4 FTC, 4 TAF, 1 ABC, 2 DTG, 1 MVC, 1 ETR, 1 EVG, 1 COBI |
23.8 | 794 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
NR | 3 Fever, 3 Fatigue, 2 Cough, 1 Diarrhea | 3 Hyperlipidemia, 3 HTN, 1 HCV, 1 T2DM, 1 AF | 4 Recovery |
| Chowdary (90) | UK | Oct 2020 | 2 | 45 | 1 M/1F | 2 ABC, 2 3TC, 2 RAL, 2 TMP‐SMZ | 14 | 384 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
1 Doxycycline 1 Coamoxiclav |
1 Myalgia, 1 Reduced appetite, 1 Weight loss, 1 Anosmia, 1 ageusia 1 Bloody diarrhea, 1 Vomiting, 1 Cough, 1 SOB, 1 Headache, 1 Malaise |
2 KTR, 1 HTN, 1 RAO, 1 Asthma, 1 G6PD, 1 Monoclonal gammopathy | 2 Recovery |
| Byrd (91) | US | Jun 2020 | 27 | 49 | 20 M/7F | 3 ABC, 3 DTG, 2 3TC, 7 EVG/c, 2 3FTC, 22 TAF, 2 EFV, 1 TDF, 14 DTG, 1 RPV, 1 DVR/c | 12 | 87 to 1441 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
6 Remdesivir, 6 RDV | 8 SOB, 2 Lethargy, 2 Fever, 4 Headache, 2 Cough, 1 Sore throat, 1 Chest pain, 1 Decreased appetite, 1 Chills, 1 Asthma |
1 Dementia, 1 CVA 3 Obesity, 2 HTN, 1 DM, 1 HLD, 1 Cancer, 1 ESRD, 1 Alcoholism, 1 COPD |
8 Recovery 1 Death |
| Zhang (92) | China | Sep 2020 | 2 | 30.5 | 2 M | NR | NR | NR |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
2 TCZ | 1 Fatigue, 1 Anorexia, 1 Dizziness, 2 Apparent, 1 Chest tightness, 2 SOB, 1 Fever, 1 Chest pain | NR | NR |
| Pata (93) | USA | Jul 2020 | 3 | 50.3 | 1F/2 M |
1RTV, 1ABC, 2 DTG, 1 COBI, 1 3TC, 1 RPV, 2 darunavir, 1 BIC |
NR | 168 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
3 HCQ, 3 AZI, 3 CRO, 1 Tamiflu | 1 Diarrhea, 2 Cough, 2 SOB, 1 Abdominal pain, 1 Headaches, 1 Myalgia, 2 Fever | 1 Asthma, 1 CAD, 1 HTN, 1 Hyperlipidemia, 1 Renal disease |
2 Recovery 1 Death |
| Suwanwongse (94) | USA | Feb 2021 | 5 | 70 | 4 M/1F |
2 FTC, 2 TAF, 1 DRV, 2 COBI, 2 DTG, 1TDF 1 RPV, 1 3TC 1 EVG |
NR | 37 to 1539 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
4 Symptomatic 1 Convalescent plasma 1 Sarilumab trial 1HCQ |
1 Rhinorrhea, 1 Abdominal Pain 1 Diarrhea, 1 Vomiting 2 Dyspnea, 2 myalgia, 1 anorexia, 3 Cough, 3 Fever, 1 Headache, 1 Nasal congestion |
3 ARDS, 2 AKI, 2 Asthma, 3 HTN, 1 Alcohol abuse, 2 HCV, 2 DM 1 Hyperlipidemia 1 ESRD, 1 BPH |
4 Recovery 1 Death |
| Rivas (95) | Panama | Aug 2020 | 2 | 41 | 2 M | 1 TDF, 1 3TC, 1 DTG | NR | 213 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
2 HCQ, 1 Heparin, 1 Ceftriaxone, 1 AZI | 1 Cough, 2 Dyspnea, 2 Asthenia, 2Adynamia, 1 Loss weight, 1 Fever | 1 MTB | 2 Recovery |
| Calza (28) | Italy | Jan 2021 | 9 | 56.2 | 7 M/2F | 1 LPV/r, 4 DRV, 4 RTV, 4 COBI | 21.4 | 258 | NR | 5 HCQ,3 AZI, 3 Enoxaparin | 7 Fever, 7 Cough, 9 Fatigue, 7 Myalgia, 1 COPD, 7 RTI, 2 Dyspnea | 1 KS, 3 PJP, 2 Interstitial Pneumonia, 6 HTN, 2 DM | 9 Recovery |
| Farias (96) | Brazil | Aug 2020. | 2 | 41 | 2 M | NR | NR | 276 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
2 AZI, 2 HCQ 2 Ceftriaxone |
1 Fever, 1 Myalgia, 1 Headache, 2 Cough 1 Hemoptoic sputum 2 Respiratory distress |
2 MTB | 2 Recovery |
| Okoh (97) | USA | NR | 27 | 58 | 15 M/12F |
9 Integrase‐based regimen, 5 NNRTI 4 PI +Integrase, 3 NNRTI +Integrase, 1 PI based |
NR | 551 | NR |
7 HCQ 1 Corticosteroid 8 AZI, 8 CRO 8 Doxycycline |
18 Cough, 17 Fever, 17 Dyspnea, 13 Fatigue, 9 Myalgias, 4 Diarrhea, 4 Nausea, 4 vomiting | 16 HTN, 9 DM, 10 CKD, 6 Dialysis, 3 CHF, 1 CAD | 27 Recovery |
| Harter (98) | Germany | May 2020 | 33 | 48 | 30 M/3F | 31 NRTIs, 20 INSTI, 4 PI, 9 NNRTIs, 16 TAF, 6 TDF, 22 FTC, 9 3TC | 13.9 | 670 | RT‐PCR | 6 COBI, 4 DRV, 1 RTV, 2 DOR, 6 BIC | 25 Cough, 22 Fever, 7 Arthralgia, 7 Myalgia, 7 Headache, 7 Sore throat, 6 Sinusitis, 6 Anosmia | 10 HTN, 6 COPD, 4 DM, 3 CVD, 5 HBV, 2 Renal insufficiency |
30 Recovery 3 Death |
| Swaminathan (99) | USA | Nov 2020 | 6 | 64 | 5 M/1F | 1 RPV, 1 RAL, 2 3TC, 1 ABC, 2 EFV, 2 BIC, 3 TAF, 4 FTC, 1 EVG, 1TDF | NR | 765 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
4 HCQ, 2 AZI 1 Corticosteroid |
NR | 3 Active mental health problems, 2 Active substance use(1 Tobacco, 1 Cocaine), 2 COPD, 3 DM, 1 ESRD, 2 CAD, 4 HTN, 1 PVD, 4 Hyperlipidemia |
4 Recovery 2 Death |
| Calza (100) | Italy | Jul 2020 | 26 | 54 | 19 M/7F | 6 PI, 5DRV/COBI, 1DRV/RTV, 16TDF/TAF, 5 RPV, 1 EFV | 16.2 | 566 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
13 HCQ, 6 AZI, 6 Enoxaparin |
20 RTI, 6 Interstitial pneumonia (Most) Fever, Cough Fatigue, Myalgia, Tachypnea |
14 HTN, 4 DM, 3 Obesity, 3 Asthma | 26 Recovery |
| Biagio (101) | Italy | Nov 2020 | 69 | 53.5 | 50 M/19F | NR | 13.5 | 590 |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
HCQ, TCZ, AZI, PI, Heparin, Corticosteroids | NR | 31 HTN, 10 DM, 9 CVD |
62 Recovery 7 Death |
| Stoeckle (21) | USA | Jul 2020 | 30 | 60.5 | 24 M/6F | 6 PI, 4 DRV, 3 COBI, 6 DTG, 1 LPV, 4 RTV, 1 ZDV, 1 RAL, 4 3TC,7 FTC, 1 Atazanavir, 1 BIC, 1 EVG, 2 Abacavir, 2 RPV, 1 ETR, 1 Entecavir | NR | 332 | chest CT | HCQ, Remdesivir, Corticosteroids |
17 Fever, 21 Cough, 20 Dyspnea, 10 Diarrhea, 1 Sputum, 1 Rhinorrhea, 3 Headache, 4 Myalgias, 5 Nausea, 5 vomiting 10 Diarrhea, 2 Ageusia 3 Abdominal pain, 3 Chest pain, 1 Anosmia |
12 HTN, 8 DM, 1 Heart failure, 2 ESRD, 2 CAD, 4 COPD, 3 Asthma, 1 Cirrhosis, 6 HBV, 1 HCV |
28 Recovery 2 Death |
| Przydzial (102) | USA | NR | 2 | 57 | 2 M | NR | NR | 63 |
RT‐PCR chest CT |
1 AZI, 1 Piperacillin tazobactam 1 Zosyn, 1 Bactrim |
Cough, Fevers, Myalgias Dyspnea Nausea/emesis |
HTN, Hyperlipidemia | 2 Recovery |
| Akyala (24) | North Central Nigeria | Sep 2020 | 4 | 29.5 | 4F | 2 Abacavir, 2 TAF, 2 3TC, 1 FTC, 1 Alafenamide | 4.7 | 254 | RT‐PCR |
1 Norfloxacin 1 γ‐globulin 1Methylprednisolone |
Malaise, Cough, Fever, Headaches | 1 DM, 1 Asthmatic, 1 Chronic sinusitis, 1 MTB | 4 Recovery |
| Shekhar (27) | USA | Sep 2020 | 5 | 48.8 | 4 M/1F | 5 FTC, 3 BIC, 1 EVG,1 RAL, 5 Tenofovir, 1 COBI | NR | 603 |
RT‐PCR chest CT |
NR | 2 Chills, 1 Fatigue, 2 Fever, 2 Diarrhea, 1 SOB, 2 Cough, 1Chest discomfort, 1 Anosmia, 1 Hypogeusia, 1Abdominal pain, 1 Myalgias | 2 DM, 1 CKD, 1 PAD, 1 HTN, 1 Depression, 1 Alcohol abuse | 5 Recovery |
| Marimuthu (103) | India | Jul 2020 | 6 | 38 | 3 M/3F | 2 ZDV, 6 3TC, 2 ZLN, 4 TDF, 3 EFV, 1 ATV/r | 10.4 | 535 | chest CT | NR | 5 Fever, 2 Cough, 1 Sore throat | 2 HTN, 1 EC | 6 Recovery |
| Pinnetti (104) | Italy | Sep 2020 | 2 | 43.5 | 2 M | 1 TDF, 1 FTC, 1 DTG, 1 EFV, | NR | 127 |
RT‐PCR chest CT |
1 HCQ | NR |
2 Opportunistic infections of the (CNS), 1 HTN 1 Interstitial pneumonia |
2 Recovery |
| Collins (105) | Georgia | Jun 2020 | 20 | 57 | 14 M/6F | 2 NNRTIs, 4 PI, 16 INSTI, | NR | 425 |
RT‐PCR chest CT |
9 Supportive care only, 8 HCQ, 2 AZI, 1 Remdesivir |
18 Cough, 13 Fever, 12 Malaise, 10 Chills, 12 SOB, 6 Diarrhea 4 Chest tightness, 6 Nausea or vomiting, 8 Myalgias, 4 Headache, 3 Sore throat, 2 Anosmia, 2 Ageusia |
14 HTN, 12 Dyslipidemia 9 T2DM, 6 CVD, 6 CLD, 6 Obesity 5 CKD,3 Cancer, 8 Depression, 8 Anxiety |
17 Recovery 3 Death |
| Gudipati (106) | USA | Oct 2020 | 14 | 56.2 | 12 M/2F |
14 TDF, 1 DRV 1 PI/COBI |
NR | 612 | RT‐PCR | 3 Intravenous fluids, 3Corticosteroid, 14 HCQ | 7 Fever, 7 SOB, 10 Cough, 4 Diarrhea, 4 loss of taste and smell | 8 Obesity, 8 HTN, 6 DM, 5 CKD, 2 ESRD |
11 Recovery 3 Death |
| Charre (26) | France | Jul 2020 | 77 | 53 | 52 M/25F | 9 PI, 48 INSTI, 23 NNRTI, 52 TDF/TAF | 15 | 529 | RT‐PCR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Cabellos (19) | Spain | Oct 2020 | 63 | 46 | 56 M/7F | 1 PI, 4 INSTI, 4 NNRTIs | 10.8 | 605 | RT‐PCR, IgG‐SARS‐CoV−2, IgM‐SARS‐CoV−2, Chest CT |
10 Corticosteroids 13 HCQ, 4 LPV/RTV |
42 Fever, 42 Cough, 31 Dyspnea, 7 Anosmia, 6 Ageusia, 14 Diarrhea, 9 Headache, 16 Weakness, 15 Myalgia/Arthralgia | 12 HTN, 6 DM, 8 Overweight, 8 CVD, 3 COPD, 2 Renal chronic failure |
61Recovery 2 Death |
| Wu Q (107) | China | Nov 2020 | 2 | 53.5 | 2 M | 1TDF, 1 3TC, 1 EFV | 6 years | NR |
RT‐PCR Chest CT |
1 OSE, 1 CRO 1 Moxifloxacin, 1 Tazobactam 2 Moxifloxacin 1 Ribavirin 1 Umifenovir |
1 Fatigue, 2 Dyspnea, 1 Cough, 2 Myalgia, 1 SOB, 1 Sore throat, 1 Intermittent Diarrhea | 1 MTB, 1 T2DM | 2 Recovery |
| Guo W (108) | China | Aug 2020 | 2 | NR | NR | 1 SMZ/TMP | NR | NR |
Chest CT IgM and IgG |
NR | 2 Fever, 2 Dyspnea | NR | 2 Recovery |
| Ciccullo (109) | Italy | Jan 2020 | 4 | 19 to 43 years | 4 M | 3 FTC, 1 TDF, 1 RGV, 1 3TC, 3 DTG, 2 TAF | NR | 516 |
RT‐PCR chest CT |
NR | 4 Fever, 3 Cough, 3 Asthaenia, 1 Sore throat | NR | 4 Recovery |
| Cucurull‐Canosa J (110) | Spain | Jul 2020 | 12 |
62 (55–80) 51 (37–58) |
7 M/5F | NR | 23.6 (4–35) 21.8 (14–31) | 508 | RT‐PCR | 7 HCQ, 7 AZI, 6 Corticosteroids | 8 Fever, 3 Asthenia, 6 Respiratory symptoms, 1Gastrointestinal symptoms, 1 Headache, 4 Conjunctivitis, 3 Asymptomatic, | 1 Cancer, 4 HTM, 1 DM, 1 COPD |
9 Recovery 3 Death |
Abbreviations: VD, Cardiovascular disease; BPH, Benign prostatic hypertrophy; CRDs, Chronic respiratory diseases; MTB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; AHRF, Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure; AKI, Acute kidney injury; RTIs, Respiratory tract infections; KS, Kaposi's sarcoma; CHF, Congestive heart failure; PJP, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; PVD, Peripheral vascular disease; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; RAO, Retinal artery occlusion; EC, Esophageal candidiasis; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; CLD, Chronic lung disease; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes; HSV‐2, Herpes simplex virus‐2; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; G6PD, Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; CHD, Coronary heart disease; SOB, Shortness of breath; OSA, Obstructive sleep apnea; AF, Atrial fibrillation; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CAD, Coronary artery disease; PKD, Polycystic kidney disease; KTR, kidney transplant recipients; HTN or HT, Hypertension; HLD, High‐level design; ESRD, End‐Stage Renal Disease; LVAD, A left ventricular assist device; CABG, Coronary artery bypass grafting; MSSA, Methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus; FTC, Emtricitabine; TAF, Tenofovir alafenamide; DTG, Dolutegravir; LPV/r, lopinavir/ritonavir; TMP, Trimethoprim; SMX, Sulfamethoxazole; DRV, darunavir; HCQ, Hydroxychloroquine; TCZ, Tocilizumab; AZI, Azithromycin; TCZ, Tocilizumab; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; CRO, Ceftriaxone; CLR, Clarithromycin; AMX, Amoxicillin; Pred, Prednisone; Ace, Acetaminophen; TMP‐SMZ, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; HC, Hydrocortis one; lvx, Levofloxacin; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; 3TC, Lamivudine; RPV, Rilpivirine; COBI, Cobicistat; ATV/r, atazanavir/ritonavir; EFV, Efavirenz; RAL, Raltegravir; TVD, Truvada; NVP, Nevirapine; MVC, Maraviroc; ETR, Etravirine; EVG, Elvitegravir; LPV, Lopinavir; RTV, Ritonavir; ZDV, Zidovudine; NRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitors; EVG, Elvitegravir; BIC, Bictegravir.