Table 3.
Toxicological data and non-carcinogenic risk
| Chemical |
RfC (µg/m3) |
RfC source | RfC basis | Hazard quotientc (HQi) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Seoul (N = 85) |
Incheon (N = 112) |
Busan (N = 128, 156, 158)d |
Daegu (N = 83) |
||||
| As | 0.015 | OEHHAa | Air | 6.53E-02 (12.4) | 1.02E-01 (11.5) | 4.99E-02 (4.4) | 7.47E-02 (8.8) |
| Co | 0.006 | PPRTVa | Air | 3.00E-02 (5.7) | 3.76E-02 (4.3) | 3.93E-02 (3.5) | 1.05E-01 (12.4) |
| Ni | 0.014 | Cal EPAa | Air | 7.79E-02 (14.8) | 1.53E-01 (17.3) | 3.40E-01 (29.7) | 2.24E-01 (26.3) |
| Cd | 0.01 | ATSDRa | Air | 2.84E-02 (5.4) | 2.93E-02 (3.4) | 5.93E-02 (5.2) | 3.79E-02 (4.5) |
| Pb | 0.15 | USEPA NAAQSb | Air | 5.40E-02 (10.2) | 7.70E-02 (8.8) | 7.47E-02 (6.6) | 8.91E-02 (10.5) |
| Al | 5 | PPRTVa | Air | 6.38E-02 (12.1) | 1.27E-01 (14.5) | 5.56E-02 (4.9) | 6.35E-02 (7.5) |
| V | 0.1 | ATSDRa | Air | 1.01E-02 (2.0) | 2.56E-02 (2.9) | 1.88E-02 (1.7) | 1.03E-02 (1.3) |
| Mn | 0.05 | IRISa | Air | 2.00E-01 (37.8) | 3.34E-01 (37.7) | 5.09E-01 (44.4) | 2.48E-01 (29.1) |
| Hazard index | By the sum of chemical-specific risks using measured data (HI) | 5.29E-01 (100) | 8.85E-01 (100) | 1.15 (100) | 8.53E-01 (100) | ||
| By the sum of source-specific risks using PMF results (HIs, total) | 5.11E-01 | 9.26E-01 | 1.11 | 8.24E-01 | |||
a(US EPA 2021)
b(State of Michigan, USA 2016)
cThe numbers in parentheses are the proportion (%) of HQi in HI in the city
dN = 128 for Pb; N = 156 for Al; N = 158 for other metals