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. 2022 Apr 8;12:5976. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10048-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypic characterization of haploid strains and their respective diploid parental strains. (a) Maximum specific growth rates of diploids and haploids comparing all strains, ploidy, and environments. Line indicates the 1:1 correlation. (b) Maximum specific growth rates for diploids and haploids for all strains under 5% ethanol. Plotted values correspond to mean value of each strain. (*) depicts different levels of significance between haploid and diploid strains (Student t-test; *p ≤ 0.05 and ns: non-significant). (c) Principal component analysis (PCA) using the maximum specific growth rates under eight growth conditions, together with the distribution of individual haploid and diploid strains. Arrows depict the different environmental conditions (d) Hierarchically clustered heatmap of phenotypic diversity within haploid and diploid parental strains. Phenotypic values are calculated as normalized z-scores.