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. 2022 Apr 8;12:5953. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09894-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Task schematics. (A) Example of neutral shape—reinforcer pairings and probability ratios. Neutral shapes were paired with either a positive image, points reward, negative image, or aversive noise 80% of the time and neutral scrambled image 20% of the time. One shape was always paired with the neutral scrambled image. Images were taken from the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS; Positive Image: I256; Negative Image: I287), an open access set of images with standardized ratings of valence and arousal⁵⁰. (B) Example of a trial in the conditioning task. (C) Example of a trial in the behavioral choice task. Pressing the green button resulted presentation of the reinforcer; pressing the red button resulted in presentation of a blank screen. Thus, pressing the green button represents an approach response and pressing the red represents an avoidance response. Figure adapted from Smith and Pollak⁴⁷.