Table 1. Descriptive Statistics.
Sample characteristics by co-occurring trajectory group membership.
| Maternal Characteristics (N = 271)1 |
Overall sample | Stable-Low/ Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 137) |
Stable-Low/Not Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 60) |
Not Stable-Low /Not Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 73) |
χ2/F |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at delivery (M ± SD) | 30.5 ± 5.6 | 30.6 ± 5.3 | 30.6 ± 6.2 | 30.2 ± 5.6 | F(2, 267) = 0.13, p = .879 |
| Prenatal medical risk (M ± SD) | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | F(2, 255) = 2.44, p = .090 |
| Cohabitating with child’s father (%) | |||||
| Prenatal | 87.4 | 93.9 | 88.3 | 74.3 |
χ2 (2, N = 262) = 16.11, p <.001 χ2 (6, N = 198) = 23.30, p = 001 |
| Current | 69.7 | 75.2 | 80.9 | 48.0 | |
| Household income (M ±SD) | |||||
| Prenatal | 66,156 ± 31,502 | 72,218 ± 28,773 | 61,083 ± 33,371 | 59,063 ± 33,117 | F(2, 262) = 5.21, p = .006 |
| Current | 151,644 ± 173,093 | 183,898 ± 223,181 | 127,330 ± 83,562 | 107,239 ± 78,392 | F(2,190) = 3.87, p = .022 |
| Prenatal Income-to-needs ratio (M ± SD) | 448.1 ± 250.6 | 494.7 ± 236.8 | 394.8 ± 250.2 | 407.8 ± 262.8 | F(2,260) = 4.69, p = .010 |
| Education (%) | |||||
| High school or less Some college, Vocational, or | 14.8 | 12.5 | 17.3 | 16.7 | χ2 (8, N = 244) = 6.17, p =.628 |
| Associates degree | 37.3 | 33.3 | 41.4 | 40.9 | |
| Bachelor’s degree | 31.1 | 35.0 | 29.3 | 25.8 | |
| Graduate degree | 16.8 | 19.2 | 12.1 | 16.7 | |
| Race and ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.1 | 41.6 | 53.3 | 47.9 | χ2 (10, N = 270) = 9.88, p = .451 |
| Latinx | 28.0 | 33.6 | 26.7 | 19.2 | |
| Asian | 11.4 | 11.7 | 8.3 | 13.7 | |
| African American or Black | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.5 | |
| Native American or Alaskan Native | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | |
| Multi-Ethnic | 8.9 | 48.0 | 6.7 | 12.3 | |
| Child Characteristics (N = 201) |
Overall sample | Stable-Low/ Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 102) |
Stable-Low/ Not Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 47) |
Not Stable-Low /Not Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 52) |
|
| Age at child assessment (M ± SD) | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | F(2, 69) = 1.49, p = .233 |
| Age at early adolescent assessment (M ± SD) | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 12.1 ± 1.0 | F(2, 198) = 0.74, p = .478 |
| Sex (% male) | 51.7 | 52.9 | 51.1 | 50.0 | χ2 (2, N = 201) = 0.13, p = .937 |
| Percentage first born (%) | 47.8 | 52.0 | 36.2 | 50.0 | χ2 (2, N = 201) = 336, p = .187 |
| Race and etdnicity (%) | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 41.8 | 41.2 | 42.6 | 42.3 | χ2 (10, N = 201) = 15.59, p = .112 |
| Latinx | 37.8 | 42.2 | 36.1 | 30.7 | |
| Asian | 6.5 | 8.8 | 2.1 | 5.8 | |
| African American or Black | 2.5 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 5.8 | |
| Multi-Ethnic | 11.4 | 6.9 | 17.0 | 15.4 | |
| Birth Phenotype (N=201) |
Overall sample | Stable-Low/ Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 102) |
Stable-Low/Not Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 47) |
Not Stable-Low /Not Stable-Low Trajectory Groups (n = 52) |
|
| Gestational age at birth (M ± SD) | 39.3 ± 1.5 | 39.5 ± 1.1 | 39.4 ± 1.2 | 38.9 ± 2.2 | F(2, 197) = 3.19, p = .043 |
| Birth weight (g) (M ± SD) | 3,452 ± 518 | 3,469 ± 481 | 3,456 ± 552 | 3,416 ± 564 | F(2, 194) = 0.18, p = .840 |
Thirty-two women participated in the study with more than one pregnancy. To verify that the inclusion of these women did not alter our findings, we repeated our analyses after excluding pregnancy and child outcome data from mothers with more than one pregnancy. Cases with less comp lete data were removed. All associations between maternal psychological distress and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms were highly consistent with our original findings.
Note. Stable-Low/Stable-Low trajectory groups comprises women who exhibited low and stable levels of both depressive and perceived stress symptoms, Stable-Low/Not Stable-Low trajectory groups comprises women who exhibited low and stable levels of either depressive symptoms or perceived stress symptoms, and Not Stable-Low/Not Stable-Low trajectory groups comprises women who did not exhibit low and stable levels of either depressive or perceived stress symptoms.