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. 2022 Mar 25;6(3):e33387. doi: 10.2196/33387

Table 5.

Qualitative findings by housing status.

Themes Housed focus groups (n=18) Unhoused focus groups (n=13)
Increased mindfulness and reflection
  • “You get to know yourself. Like how many times do I do these things a day? Who am I around every day? What am I doing every day? So, it gave me insight on who you are and what you do every day. Because sometimes we'll just do things. And we don’t keep track of those things. They kind of keep you on track a little bit.” [SPa102]

  • “Some stuff I forgot about, that...It just opened my mind more. I was, ‘Okay, I need to start paying more attention to that. I need to start paying more attention to this. I am around certain people who do stuff like this.’” [SP209]

  • “It was the shit to me. It actually calmed me down on most occasions.” [SP305]

  • “It makes you feel good. You want to get up and answer the questions that, how you feel, how you feel going out today, and shit like that. It made me feel good, honestly.” [SP306]

  • “Yeah ‘cause I forgot to do my chores and as soon as that survey come on, and be like, ‘Oh snap. I forgot to do my chore.’...But then I’m right back on it.” [SP403]

  • “It also gave me a good understanding of how when I hang out with these certain people, yeah, I am smoking more. And if I hang out with this certain people, I am drinking more...Gonna be like, okay dude, I’m hanging out with you but just because we’re hanging out doesn’t mean we have to drink. You know? If they’re drinking it’s their choice. Alright man, I’m noticing I can’t be hanging out with you every day. You’re drinking every day, I’m hanging out with you every day, I’m probably gonna be drinking every day.” [SP406]

Causing stress and anxiety
  • “Well, it was irritating, like once or twice. I thought it was going to ask different questions. I didn’t know about the repetition thing.” [SP106]

  • “Sometimes it would annoy me, like, ‘How do you feel?’ Like, ‘Oh, I feel annoyed now.’” [SP207]

  • “I got paranoid sometimes, like if I was hanging out with these people and it was asking me, ‘who are you with?’ ‘Did you do any drugs with them?’...It was just about the whole street thing; it feels like snitching.” [SP301]

  • “I got annoyed sometimes. If I was going through something and the survey went off, I just didn’t want to answer it sometimes.” [SP302]

  • “I did [feel uncomfortable] at first. I thought it was like the Feds or something. I was like oh shit, I’m not gonna lie, I was doing all types of lies though. A few of the surveys I feel like I failed them or something. I don’t know. That’s just how my mentality think. I felt like the phone was recording. Something. On everything. Yeah, I felt like the Feds was watching. And taking video at the same time. I let the phone die for like a day and a half...I’m like I don’t know, I’m gonna keep the phone off. I was just annoyed about it because like they know oh really alerted when I got a text that ‘we see your phone hasn’t been charged.’ [laughs] You guys are watching me! I know what you can do with technology. It’s a simple program, there’s no telling what’s written in that program that I don’t see.” [SP403]

Inciting behavior change
  • “I’m not going to drink today, because they’re going to ask me how many drinks I drank.” [SP102]

  • “I had kind of like a Pavlov’s dog affect, where every time it went off, I’m like, ‘Ooh, I could really use some alcohol right now.’ I’m like, ‘Ooh, this is reminding me that alcohol is not a great option, but it is an option.’ [SP206]

  • “Have you smoked yet today? Okay? I haven’t, mostly because I haven’t got my weed so hold on, thanks for letting me know I have to go get weed. That’s what I’m saying. Reminding me to go get my marijuana when I run out.” [SP305]

  • “On the alcohol and drink question I went like...the repetitive asking you another question and just mentioning a drink, made me want to drink. I never had that many drinks in a week.” [SP403]

Responding honestly
  • “I tried to be as honest as possible. Because I knew that it was a study. So I tried to be as honest...Because you guys are going to look at it and try to get real answers from people. It was hard. But I tried to be honest about it.” [SP102]

  • “The thing about surveys too, is it’s a non-judgemental environment that you’re telling your information to.” [SP105]

  • “Yeah, I feel like if anything it makes me feel more comfortable, because the phone, you don’t have to give a fuck...I’m going to be real today, and I’m going to be real to myself. It’s kind of like a diary if you think about it. That survey was like a diary for a week...If you have time for that.” [SP205]

  • “To be honest, I lied on a few questions...I lied because- It just reminded me of what a whore I am, because like...so it would be like ‘How many times did you have sex today?’ And stuff like that, I’m like ‘Ooh.’ [SP202]

  • “...it was just about the whole street thing, it feels like snitching. Yep.” [SP301]

  • “I say it depends on the mood of how people will feel when I’m doing the surveys.” [SP306]

  • “A lot of them I tried to be honest some, some of them I kind of like, I don’t think I put the right answers, like it would say, where you at, and sometimes I’d put like, or what are you doing, and I’d say hanging out, but really I was eating, still hanging out a little bit, so kind of lie about that, I need to be more honest, cause you know, I don’t want them to know exactly what I’m doing.” [SP404]

  • “I thought it was like the Feds or something. I was like oh shit, I’m not gonna lie, I was doing all types of lies though.” [SP403]

Suggestions for future studies
  • “I think [using my own phone] was more convenient. It was a lot easier than having to have a second phone. Losing track of it.” [SP105]

  • “I thought it was interesting. It was cool. I think I prefer it to be on my actual phone than another phone. Because it was kind of hard to keep up with it.” [SP104]

  • “It felt extra for me but that’s because...I’m really bad about keeping my regular phone on me, so I said I was a bad millennial. I’m a bad millennial.” [SP204]

  • “It’s hard to remember to carry two phones.” [SP208]

  • “But even if I went from my bedroom to the dining room, and thirty minutes went by and I was like, ‘I have to go get my phone.’ Then I saw that I missed one survey.” [SP204]

  • “I feel like I have bigger problems than carrying two phones. It wasn’t the hardest thing in my life, but sometimes I would forget it and be like, ‘Aw, crap.’ That’s it.” [SP207]

  • “It was hard for me. I was literally driving. I always keep my phone away. I’m over there trying to jump in the purse like: Where is this phone? And then, another thing, my neighbor...My neighbor [who was also in the study] always comes over...And my other neighbor...So he’d be like: ‘Who’s phone is who’s? Who got that...’ And I’d be like: ‘Do you have my phone? That’s my phone?’ How did we know it was our phone?...It took me about a day, or maybe two, to actually [get used to it].” [SP104]

  • “[Borrowing] the phone...actually helped me with my daily life, bro. Because I didn’t have a phone at the time, so it helped me to get phone calls.” [SP404]

  • “Oh yeah, me too. Google maps.” [SP408]

  • “I hadn’t had a phone since that one. I do want a phone for another week though.” [SP404]

  • “Because it would ask have you did this in the past 2 hours and I might forget. Or how many cigarettes, how many times do you think you used tobacco products. Like, I don’t know, let me count the cigarettes in my pack right now...I might forget and I just smoked a cigarette 5 minutes before it happened. So more every time you smoke a cigarette, log it in the phone. Tally it.” [SP402]

aSP: study participant