. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 9.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2021 Mar 1;186(2):113–121. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32840

TABLE 3.

Heritability of sleep measures

	Entire sample	Entire sample (stress as covariate)	Healthy controls (stress as covariate)
Sleep quality measures	h² (SE)	h² (SE)	h² (SE)
PSQI	0.02 (0.15)	0 (0.17)	0 (0.25)
Duration	0 (0.10)	0 (0.10)	0 (0.19)
Disturbance	0.20 (0.14)	0.18 (0.15)	0 (0.26)
Latency	0.21(0.17)	0.18 (0.18)	0.23 (0.22)
Daytime dysfunction	0.10 (0.13)	0.13 (0.13)	0.20 (0.18)
Efficiency	0 (0.25)	0 (0.24)	0 (0.24)
Quality	0 (0.14)	0 (0.15)	0.05 (0.18)
Sleeping meds	0.15 (0.15)	0.11 (0.14)	N/A
Bedtime	0.44 (0.11)^**	0.40 (0.12)^**	0.33 (0.20)^*
Wake time	0.42 (0.09)^**	0.40 (0.09)^**	0.64 (0.11)^**
Time to sleep	0.29 (0.16)^*	0.28 (0.16)^*	0.30 (0.26)

Note: Heritability of sleep characteristics is shown. PSQI is Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Bedtime and wake time are self-reported measures, and time to sleep is the estimated minutes the participant took to fall asleep. The heritability was calculated in the entire sample (n = 326) with age and sex as covariates. Then calculated with the additional covariates of current and lifetime stress measures (perceived stress scale and life stressor inventory respectively.) This analysis was repeated in controls (n = 216).

^**

indicates p < .001

indicates p < .05.