Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Controls (No PI-IBS) and Cases (PI-IBS)
| No PI-IBS (n = 1079) |
PI-IBS (n = 301) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Female, n (%) | 437 (41) | 185 (62) | <.001 |
| Age at time of infection, y, mean (SD) | 46.0 (15) | 42.6 (16) | <.001 |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 971 (90) | 275 (91) | .48 |
| Residence, n (%)a | .006 | ||
| Urban | 847 (79) | 210 (70) | |
| Large rural | 90 (8) | 34 (11) | |
| Small rural | 63 (6) | 19 (6) | |
| Isolated rural | 79 (7) | 38 (13) | |
| Acute gastroenteritis reported symptoms | |||
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 1012 (99.3) | 281 (99.3) | .97 |
| Diarrhea duration, d, means (SD) | 8.0 (6) | 9.1 (6) | .013 |
| Diarrhea duration, n (%) | <.001 | ||
| <3 d or NA | 209 (19) | 89 (30) | |
| 3–7 d | 531 (49) | 116 (39) | |
| 8–14 d | 274 (25) | 67 (22) | |
| >14 d | 65 (6) | 29 (10) | |
| Number of stools/d, means (SD) | 16.9 (14) | 19.4 (17) | .016 |
| Bloody stools, n (%) | 314 (31) | 113 (40) | .005 |
| Abdominal cramps, n (%) | 840 (84) | 256 (92) | <.001 |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 252 (25) | 92 (33) | .007 |
| Fever, n (%) | 733 (73) | 188 (67) | .060 |
| Chills, n (%) | 796 (80) | 217 (79) | .76 |
| Headache, n (%) | 574 (58) | 186 (67) | .005 |
| Muscle aches, n (%) | 562 (57) | 157 (57) | .88 |
| Joint pain, n (%) | 353 (36) | 100 (37) | .76 |
| Campylobacter species, n (%) | .38 | ||
| C jejuni | 939 (87) | 251 (83) | |
| C coli | 101 (9) | 33 (11) | |
| Otherb | 22 (2.0) | 10 (3.3) | |
| Unknown | 19 (1.8) | 7 (2.3) | |
| Quarter of specimen collection, n (%) | .40 | ||
| January–March | 200 (19) | 47 (16) | |
| April–June | 257 (24) | 83 (28) | |
| July–September | 386 (36) | 111 (37) | |
| October–December | 236 (22) | 60 (20) | |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 113 (11) | 54 (18) | <.001 |
| Antibiotic use, n (%) | 826 (78) | 225 (76) | .45 |
| Days between symptom onset and antibiotic start, means (SD) | 6.7 (9) | 7.7 (7) | .15 |
| Time between symptom onset and antibiotic start, n (%) | .042 | ||
| 0–2 d | 126 (12) | 27 (9) | |
| 3–9 d | 488 (45) | 116 (39) | |
| >9 d | 126 (12) | 48 (16) | |
| Unknown use/onset | 104 (10) | 38 (13) | |
| No antibiotic use | 235 (22) | 72 (24) | |
| Antibiotic type, n (%) | |||
| Fluoroquinolone | 388 (36) | 105 (35) | .73 |
| Macrolide | 403 (37) | 106 (35) | .50 |
| Metronidazole | 75 (7) | 22 (7) | .83 |
| Combination of >1 | 134 (12) | 39 (13) | .80 |
| International travel before onset, n (%) | 303 (29) | 66 (23) | .048 |
| Contact with animals, n (%) | |||
| Dogs | 523 (58) | 159 (62) | .17 |
| Cats | 216 (29) | 80 (36) | .055 |
| Nonpoultry birds | 10 (1.6) | 8 (4.1) | .033 |
| Poultry | 60 (9) | 18 (9) | .97 |
| Pigs | 20 (3.1) | 7 (3.6) | .73 |
| Noncat/dog mammalian pets | 21 (3.3) | 9 (4.6) | .39 |
| Reptiles/amphibians | 9 (1.4) | 4 (2.1) | .53 |
| Ruminants | 67 (10) | 24 (12) | .47 |
| Food consumed the week before, n (%) | |||
| Beef | 561 (80) | 138 (75) | .16 |
| Chicken | 730 (79) | 204 (78) | .75 |
| Turkey | 140 (17) | 39 (17) | .95 |
| Pork | 436 (48) | 116 (46) | .55 |
| Liver pate | 21 (3.0) | 4 (2.1) | .51 |
| Well water | 232 (24) | 68 (25) | .70 |
| Restaurant food | 769 (77) | 217 (78) | .72 |
NOTE. Data were missing for the number of controls and cases, respectively, in the following variables: diarrhea, 60 and 18; diarrhea duration, 190 and 84; stools per day, 80 and 22; bloody stools, 73 and 19; abdominal cramps, 76 and 23; vomiting, 76 and 24; fever, 70 and 20; chills, 81 and 26; headache, 89 and 25; muscle aches, 86 and 26; joint pain, 92 and 29; antibiotics, 18 and 4; time from symptom onset to antibiotic use, 104 and 38; international travel, 30 and 14; contact with dogs, 171 and 46; cats, 330 and 76; nonpoultry birds, 446 and 108; poultry, 426 and 103; other mammalian pets, 439 and 105; reptiles/amphibians, 444 and 107; ruminants, 415 and 99; food consumed: beef, 376 and 117; chicken, 149 and 38; turkey, 248 and 67; pork, 170 and 48; liver pate, 372 and 110; water from a well, 122 and 33; restaurant week prior, 81 and 23. Boldface indicates P < .05.
NA, not applicable; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; PI-IBS, postinfection irritable bowel syndrome; SD, standard deviation.
Classified using Rural/Urban Commuting Area–ZIP code approximation taxonomy.
Campylobacter species included the following: Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter curvus, Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter gracilis, Campylobacter hyointestinalis, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis.