Fig. 2.

Overview of low glucose and high glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. At basal levels of blood glucose (left panel), the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels (K_ATP channels) in pancreatic β-cells remain open, maintaining membrane hyperpolarization, Ca²⁺ channel closure and inhibiting insulin secretion. A rise in blood glucose (right panel) induces oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, resulting in the closure of K_ATP channels, plasma membrane depolarization, calcium influx leading to increased cytosolic Ca²⁺ that triggers insulin exocytosis: a so-called classical K_ATP channel-dependent pathway

adapted from Cantley et al. [112]