Table 2.

Application of exosomes in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases

Mechanisms	Diseases	Main research contents	Model	Method of administration	Years	Ref
Apoptosis	AP	Regulate inflammatory cytokines; reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells; reduce the necrosis of acinar cells; the NF-κB signaling pathway	The activation of AR42J pancreatic acinar cells was induced by taurolithocholate treatment	Co-culture	2016	[56]
	Diabetes	Inhibit the apoptosis of rats β cells; alleviate the condition of T2DM	The rat model of T2DM using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ)	Intravenous injection	2018	[57]
	PaCa	As miRNA loaders; Inhibit the proliferation or invasion of PDAC; increase apoptosis and cell cycle arrest	PDAC cells	Co-culture	2019	[58, 59]
			Panc28 cancer cells and the xenograft nude mice model	Co-culture and intravenous injection	2020
Immune regulation	Diabetes	Increase the number of the regulatory T cells; improve autoimmune T1DM; No effect on lymphocyte proliferation index	Streptozotocin-induced of the type-1 diabetes mellitus	Intraperitoneal injections	2018	[70]
Angiogenesis	PaCa	Downregulation/upregulation of CCAT1 from exosomes derived from PANC-1 cells; reduce/enhance the angiogenesis ability of HUVECs in vivo and in vitro	PC cells (PANC-1)	Co-culture	2021	[80]
		Overexpression of miR-138-5p; upregulated CCAT1 expression; regulation of angiogenesis			2021	[80]
Cell migration and proliferation	PaCa	Promote the growth of Panc-1 and BxPC3 cells; increase the growth of Panc-1 cells in xenograft tumor models	Nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously on both flanks with human pancreatic cancer Panc-1 cells	Administered via intratumoral injection	2021	[87]
	Diabetes	Enter fibroblasts, promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts	8-week-old Balb/c male mice were used to prepare a diabetic model	Injected into the dermis	2020	[88]

AP acute pancreatitis, CP chronic pancreatitis, PaCa pancreatic cancer