Table 1.
Definitions of the parameters measured in the study
| Measurement | Definition |
|---|---|
| Skeletal measurements | |
| FZS (Frontozygomatic suture) | Distance (mm) between the two points located at the edges of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone measured in the coronal section |
| ZMS (Zygomaticomaxillary suture) | Distance (mm) between the two points located at the superior edges of ZMS measured in the coronal section |
| NW (Nasal width) | Distance (mm) at the widest portion of the nasal aperture parallel to the hard palate |
| PM-NW and M-NW were measured in both upper first premolars (PM) and first molars (M) in the coronal section, respectively | |
| NPF (Nasopalatine foramen) | Distance (mm) between the points located at the greater diameter of the nasopalatine foramen, bilaterally, measured in the axial section |
| GPF (Greater palatine foramen) | Distance (mm) between the points located at the posterior cortical of the greater palatine foramen, bilaterally, measured in the axial section |
| MPS ( Midpalatal suture gap) | Distance (mm) of midpalatal suture gap at upper central incisors apical level, measured in the axial section, immediately after expansion (T1) |
| Dentoalveolar measurements | |
| MW(Maxillary width) | Distance (mm) of maxillary width tangent to the hard palate |
| PM-MW and M-MW were measured on both upper first premolars (PM) and first molars (M) in the coronal section | |
| IDW (Interdental width) | Distance (mm) between the right and left buccal cusp tips |
| PM-IDW and M-IDW were measured on both upper first premolars (PM) and first molars (M) in the coronal section | |
| DI (Dental inclination) | Angle (°) between the line passing through the palatal cusp tip and palatal root apex, and the vertical line perpendicular to the hard palate measured on upper first molars in the coronal section |
| Periodontal measurements | |
| BBPT(Buccal bone plate thickness) | The shortest distance (mm) between the buccal cortical plate and the buccal root surface |
| PM-BBPT, M-BBPT (Mesial and Distal root) were measured on upper first premolars and mesial and distal first molars roots | |
| PBPT(Palatal bone plate thickness) | The shortest distance (mm) between the palatal cortical plate and the palatal root surface |
| PM-PBPT and M-PBPT were measured on upper first premolars and palatine first molars roots | |