Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics, conventional two-dimensional echocardiographic parameters between T2DM patients and normal subjects (mean ± SD)
| Variable | Normal (59) | T2DM (52) | t/χ2 value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical | ||||
| Age (years) | 50.51 ± 13.14 | 54.54 ± 11.42 | − 1.728 | 0.087 |
| Male (%) | 33(59) | 30(62) | 0.035 | 0.852 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.23 ± 3.13 | 23.89 ± 3.08 | − 1.132 | 0.260 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 75.12 ± 9.18 | 76.21 ± 9.61 | − 0.611 | 0.543 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 123 ± 12 | 127 ± 13 | − 2.053 | 0.043 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 76 ± 9 | 78 ± 9 | − 0.938 | 0.351 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.88 ± 0.62 | 13.27 ± 4.23 | − 15.055 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.09 ± 0.61 | 10.20 ± 2.14 | − 17.564 | < 0.001 |
| TCH (mmol/L) | 3.88 ± 0.69 | 3.97 ± 0.80 | − 0.680 | 0.498 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.11 ± 0.30 | 1.21 ± 0.59 | − 1.168 | 0.245 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.25 ± 0.28 | 1.19 ± 0.34 | 1.053 | 0.295 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.04 ± 0.49 | 2.21 ± 0.59 | − 1.662 | 0.100 |
| Medical treatment | ||||
| Diet treatment | 0(0) | 0(0) | ||
| Oral drug | 0(0) | 16(31) | ||
| Insulin | 0(0) | 32(62) | ||
| Insulin + oral drug | 0(0) | 15(29) | ||
| Echocardiography | ||||
| RVd-base (mm) | 30.25 ± 4.09 | 30.31 ± 3.09 | − 0.092 | 0.927 |
| RVd-mid (mm) | 25.90 ± 3.85 | 25.73 ± 4.74 | 0.211 | 0.834 |
| RVA-D (cm2) | 14.21 ± 2.75 | 13.58 ± 2.73 | 1.217 | 0.226 |
| RVA-S (cm2) | 6.88 ± 1.82 | 6.56 ± 1.73 | 0.935 | 0.352 |
| RVFAC (%) | 51.82 ± 6.67 | 51.90 ± 6.92 | − 0.067 | 0.946 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 22.92 ± 3.16 | 23.04 ± 2.54 | − 0.225 | 0.823 |
| RVEDV (ml) | 26.10 ± 8.83 | 24.73 ± 9.12 | 0.802 | 0.425 |
| RVESV (ml) | 9.07 ± 3.49 | 8.50 ± 3.48 | 0.856 | 0.394 |
| RVEF (%) | 65.51 ± 5.62 | 65.63 ± 6.65 | − 0.107 | 0.915 |
| LVEF (%) | 64.78 ± 4.56 | 62.35 ± 4.87 | 2.738 | 0.007 |
| E (m/s) | 0.58 ± 0.10 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 2.448 | 0.016 |
| A (m/s) | 0.37 ± 0.08 | 0.37 ± 0.07 | 0.418 | 0.677 |
| E/A | 1.60 ± 0.31 | 1.48 ± 0.24 | 2.183 | 0.031 |
| e′(m/s) | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 2.532 | 0.013 |
| a′ (m/s) | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 1.999 | 0.048 |
| E/e′ | 4.08 ± 0.80 | 4.55 ± 1.95 | − 1.711 | 0.090 |
| TRV (m/s) | 2.05 ± 0.37 | 2.13 ± 0.30 | − 1.369 | 0.174 |
BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, TCH total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, RVd-base right ventricle basal diameter, RVd-mid RV middle diameter, RVA-D RV areas in the diastole period, RVA-S RV areas in the systole period, RVFAC RV fractional area change, RVEDV RV end diastole volume, RVESV RV end systole volume, RVEF right ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, E peak velocity during early diastole of tricuspid valve, A peak velocity during late diastole of tricuspid valve, e′ peak early diastolic velocities of the anterior tricuspid annulus using TDI, a′ peak late diastolic velocities of the anterior tricuspid annulus using TDI, TRV tricuspid regurgitation velocity