Table 1:
Summary of Studies Included in Meta-Analysis
| Study | Region | Pollutants | Design | Period | Outcome | Covariates Included in Modeling | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SO2 | NO2 | PM2.5 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Anderson et al. (1997) | Europe* | ✓ | ✓ | TS† | 1987–1992 | Hosp | A,B,C,D,E,F,G | |
| Arbex et al. (2009) | Brazil | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2001–2003 | ED | A,B,C,D,E | |
| Belleudi et al. (2010) | Italy | ✓ | CC | 2001–2005 | Hosp | C,D,G,H | ||
| Chen et al. (2004) | Canada | ✓ | TS | 1995–1999 | Hosp | C, D | ||
| Cirera et al. (2012) | Spain | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1995–1998 | ED | A,B,C,D,E,F,G, H | |
| Domincini et al. (2006) | USA* | ✓ | TS | 1999–2002 | Hosp | A,B,C,D,E | ||
| Faustini et al. (2012) | Italy | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2005–2009 | Mort | A, C, E, G, H | |
| Faustini et al. (2013) | Italy | ✓ | CC | 2001–2005 | Hosp | A,B,C,D,G,H | ||
| Fischer et al. (2003) | Netherlands | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1986–1994 | Mort | A, B,C,D,E,F,G | |
| Fusco et al. (2001) | Rome | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1995–1997 | Hosp | A, C, D, E, F, G | |
| Garcia-Aymerich et al. (2000) | Spain | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1985–1989 | Mort | A, C, D, G, H | |
| Halonen et al. (2008) | Finland | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1998–2004 | ED | A, C, D, E, F, G, H | |
| Janssen et al. (2013) | Netherlands | ✓ | TS | 2008–2009 | Mort | A, B, C, D, E, F, G | ||
| Kan et al. (2003) | Shanghai | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2000–2001 | Mort | A, B, C, D, E | |
| Kloog et al. (2014) | USA* | ✓ | CC | 2000–2006 | Hosp | B,C,D | ||
| Ko et al. (2007) | Hong Kong | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2000–2004 | Hosp | A,B,C,D,E,F |
| Lee et al. (2007) | Taiwan | ✓ | ✓ | CC | 1996–2003 | Hosp | C,D | |
| Martins et al. (2002) | Brazil | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1996–1998 | ED | A,C,D,E,H | |
| Meng et al. (2013) | China* | ✓ | ✓ | TS† | 2001–2008 | Mort | A,C,D | |
| Milutinovic et al. (2009) | Serbia | ✓ | TS | 2002 | ED | A,B,C,D,E | ||
| Morgan et al. (1998) | Sydney | ✓ | TS | 1990–1994 | Hosp | A,B,C,E,F, | ||
| Neuberger et al. (2007) | Austria | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2000–2004 | Mort | A,B,C,D,E,G | |
| Peel et al. (2005) | Atlanta | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1993–2000 | ED | A,B,C,D,E,F,H |
| Qui et al. (2012) | Hong Kong | ✓ | TS | 2000–2005 | Hosp | A,C,D,E,F,G | ||
| Samoli et al. (2014) | Europe* | ✓ | TS† | 2001–2010 | Mort | B,C,E,F,G,H | ||
| Santus et al. (2012) | Italy | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | CC | 2007–2008 | ED | C,D |
| Sauerzapf et al. (2009) | UK | ✓ | CC | 2006–2007 | Hosp | C,G,H | ||
| Slaughter et al. (2005) | Washington | ✓ | TS | 1995–2001 | ED | B,C,D,E | ||
| Stieb et al. (2009) | Canada* | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | TS† | 1990–2002 | ED | A.B,C,D,E,F |
| Sunyer at al. (2001) | Spain | ✓ | CC | 1990–1995 | Mort | C,D,G | ||
| Tao et al. (2014) | China | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2001–2004 | Hosp | A,C,D,E,H | |
| Tenias et al. (2002) | Spain | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1994–1995 | ED | A,B,C,D,E,F,G | |
| To et al. (2015) | Canada | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 2012 | ED&Hosp | A,B,C,E,H | |
| Tsai et al. (2013) | Tokyo | ✓ | CC | 2006–2010 | Hosp | C,D | ||
| Valdez et al. (2012) | Chile | ✓ | TS | 1998–2007 | Mort | A,B,T,D,E | ||
| Wong et al. (2002) | Hong Kong | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1995–1998 | Mort | A,B,C,D,E | |
| Yang et al. (2005) | Vancouver | ✓ | ✓ | TS | 1994–1998 | Hosp | C,D | |
Notes:
Design: “TS”= time series and “CC” = case crossover
Outcome: “ED” = COPD-related emergency department visits, “Hosp”=COPD-related hospitalizations and “Mort”=COPD-related mortality
Covariates: A=time trends, B=seasonality, C=temperature, D=humidity and/or barometric pressure, E=day of week, F=holidays G=influenza epidemics, H=other
*
Indicates multiple cities were evaluated
†
indicates that results were pooled across multiple cities via meta analysis methods (i.e., with random effects model)