Table 2.
obstetric care factors and medical factors of study participants, comparing those who bathed (intervention group) and those who did not bathe (control group)
| Characteristic (n=96) | Intervention n (%), (n=48) | Control n (%), (n=48) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obstetric factors | |||
| Primi-parity | 29 (60.4) | 25 (52.1) | 0.411 |
| Primary cesarean | 41 (85.4) | 24 (62.5) | 0.011 |
| Stage of labor at cesarean | |||
| Latent phase of first stage | 5 (10.4) | 9 (18.8) | 0.208 |
| Active phase of first stage | 37 (77.1) | 37 (77.1) | |
| Second stage | 6 (12.5) | 2 (4.2) | |
| Ruptured membranes before cesarean | 35 (72.9) | 33 (68.8) | 0.653 |
| Vaginal examinations done ≥4 | 21 (43.8) | 34 (70.8) | 0.007 |
| Indication of cesarean | 0.519 | ||
| Prolonged labor | 21 (43.7) | 17 (35.4) | |
| Mal-presentation | 20 (41.7) | 20 (41.7) | |
| Others | 7 (14.6) | 11 (22.9) | |
| Not given prophylactic antibiotics | 5 (10.4) | 3 (6.3) | 0.460 |
| Operation done over weekend | 12 (25.0) | 33 (29.2) | 0.646 |
| Operation done in the night | 23 (47.9) | 23 (47.9) | 1.000 |
| Operation lasting ≥60 | 6 (12.5) | 11 (22.9) | 0.181 |
| Cadre of primary surgeon | 0.193 | ||
| Senior resident | 20 (41.7) | 12 (25.0) | |
| Junior resident | 26 (54.1) | 32 (66.7) | |
| Intern doctor | 2 (4.2) | 4 (8.3) | |
| Cadre of assistant surgeon | 0.370 | ||
| Senior resident | 3 (6.3) | 4 (8.3) | |
| Junior resident | 4 (8.3) | 1 (2.1) | |
| Intern doctor | 41 (85.4) | 43 (89.6) | |
| Subcutaneous skin closure technique | 14 (29.2) | 21 (43.8) | 0.138 |
| Absorbable suture material used | 10 (20.8) | 17 (35.4) | |
| Medical factors | 0.112 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 24 (50.0) | 38 (79.2) | 0.003 |
| HIV-infection | 1 (2.1) | 4 (8.3) | 0.168 |
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 23 (47.9) | 17 (35.4) | 0.214 |
C/S: cesarean section; VEs: digital vaginal examinations; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus