Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with using an HIV‐specific instrument compared with a generic health‐related quality‐of‐life instrument
| Variables | Crude OR (95% CI) | p‐Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p‐Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country income level | High | Reference | Reference | ||
| Upper‐middle | 1.96 (1.40−2.75) | <0.001 | 3.53 (2·10−5.95) | <0.001 | |
| Lower‐middle | 1.93 (1.27−2.94) | 0.002 | 3.96 (1·93−8.15) | 0.002 | |
| Low | 4.95 (2.67−9.20) | <0.001 | 11.57 (4·61−29.04) | <0.001 | |
| Mix | 1.33 (0.44−4.03) | 0.62 | 1.04 (0.24−4.57) | 0.95 | |
| World region | African | Reference | Reference | ||
| Americas | 0.59 (0.39−0.88) | 0.009 | 2.02 (1.04−3.93) | 0.039 | |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 0.58 (0.24−1.41) | 0.23 | 0.64 (0.24−1.71) | 0.38 | |
| European | 0.55 (0.34−0.87) | 0.011 | 2.16 (1.01−4.63) | 0.048 | |
| South‐East Asian | 0.79 (0.45−1.38) | 0.41 | 0.95 (0.51−1.80) | 0.89 | |
| Western Pacific | 0.72 (0.44−1.17) | 0.18 | 1.06 (0.57−1.95) | 0.86 | |
| Mix | 0.58 (0.25−1.38) | 0.22 | 2.34 (0.66−8.30) | 0.19 | |
| Study setting | Hospital | Reference | Reference | ||
| Community/GP | 0.83 (0.60−1.16) | 0.28 | 0.80 (0.56−1.15) | 0.23 | |
| NGO/peer‐led | 0.84 (0.41−1.74) | 0.64 | 1.07 (0.48−2.35) | 0.87 | |
| Others | 0.96 (0.60−1.53) | 0.85 | 1.14 (0.69−1.90) | 0.61 | |
| Unclear | 1.43 (0.67−3.06) | 0.35 | 1.76 (0.78−3.97) | 0.17 | |
| Study design | RCT | Reference | Reference | ||
| Observational | 0.88 (0.58−1.33) | 0.53 | 0.79 (0.51−1.23) | 0.30 | |
| Cohort | 0.74 (0.45−1.23) | 0.24 | 0.78 (0.45−1.34) | 0.37 | |
| Economic evaluation | 0.00 (0.00−Inf) | 0.96 | 0.00 (0.00−Inf) | 0.98 | |
| Target population | PLHIV versus non‐PLHIV | Reference | Reference | ||
| PLHIV only | 3.47 (2.02−5.94) | <0.001 | 3.35 (1.80−5.95) | <0.001 | |
| Sub‐population characteristics | Women | Reference | Reference | ||
| MSM | 1.47 (0.60−3.61) | 0.40 | 2.05 (0.77−5.44) | 0.15 | |
| Mixed population (except women and MSM) | 2.10 (1.24−2.44) | 0.006 | 2.20 (1.25−3.88) | 0.006 |
Note: p‐value<0.05: association is statistically significant. Likelihood ratio test compared the use of an HIV‐specific instrument (coded as 1) compared to a generic instrument (coded as 0).
Abbreviations: GP, general practitioner; MSM, men who have sex with men; NGO, non‐government organization; OR, odds‐ratio; PLHIV, people living with HIV; RCT, randomized controlled trial; 95% CI, confidence interval.