Thalamic neural activity shows task-related modulations. A spectrogram of thalamic neural activity during the reading-aloud task, averaged across all trials and all recordings. Trials are aligned to speech onset. Significant changes compared with baseline are marked in white contours (−1.08–0.62 s for beta activity, and −0.15–0.59 s for broadband gamma activity; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, n = 117, p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons across frequency bins and time points). Average time points of stimulus presentation and speech onset and offset are marked with black dashed lines.