Table 2.
Summary of results on PA-related variables in people without chronic diseases
| Author | Study Sample Size | Study Population | Definition of PA-Related Outcomes | Statistical Test | Results | Level of Significance | Effect Size | Level of Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Countries with lockdown measures | ||||||||
| Step counts (per d or per wk) (N=4) | ||||||||
| Di Sebastiano et al13 | N=2338 | Healthy adults | Step count/wk as measured by wearable devices or a smartphone inbuilt accelerometer | 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA | Decreased from 48,625±745 steps/wk to 43,395±705 steps/wk (by 10.8%) | P<.001 | Large | Moderate |
| Pépin et al26 | N=742,200 | Healthy adults | Step count/d as measured by a pedometer | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Decreased from 5326±479 steps/d to 4752±925 steps/d (by 10.8%) | P<.001 | ||
| Wang et al35 | N=3544 | Healthy adults | Step count/d as measured by a smartphone in-built accelerometer | Generalized Estimating Equation | Decreased from 8097±4793 steps/d to 5440±4571 steps/d (by 32.8%) | Not reported | ||
| Zhu et al38 | N=889 | Healthy adults | Step count/day as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Paired t test | Decreased from 6247±4374 steps/d to 2714±3542 steps/d (by 56.6%) | P<.001 | ||
| Duration of light PA (N=1) | ||||||||
| Di Sebastiano et al13 | N=2338 | Healthy adults | Light PA as measured by an accelerometer: <100 steps/min | 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA | Decreased from 1000.5±17.0 min/wk to 874.1±15.6 min/wk (by 12.6%) | p<0.001 | Very limited | |
| Duration of MVPA (N=2) | ||||||||
| Di Sebastiano et al13 | N=2338 | Healthy adults | MVPA: defined by heart rate ≥60% heart rate maximum by a built-in monitor, or ≥100 steps/min measure by an accelerometer | 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA | Decreased from 194.2±5.2 min/wk to 176.7±5 min/wk (by 9.3%) | P<.001 | Very limited | |
| Jia et al19 | N=10,082 | High schools, colleges, and graduate schools students | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Paired t test | From 0.7±2.0 d/wk to 0.7±2.0 d/wk | P<.05 | ||
| Duration of PA (N=3) | ||||||||
| Đogaš et al14 | N=3027 | Healthy adults | Not defined | Paired t test | Decreased from 162.1 min/wk to 132.9 min/wk (by 18%) | P<.001 | Small | Very limited |
| Stanton et al32 | N=1491 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by Active Australian Survey† | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Decreased to 312.5±363.5 min/wk | Not reported | ||
| Yamada et al37 | N=1600 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Decreased from 245 min/wk to 180 min/wk (by 27%) | P<.001 | ||
| Proportion of participants reporting changes in PA levels (N=8) | ||||||||
| Cooper et al10 | N=1607 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Descriptive statistics | Overall PA: n=413 reported decrease (25.7%) n=404 reported no change (25.1%) n=790 reported increase (49.1%) Low PA level: n=565 reported decrease (35.2%) n=574 reported no change (35.7%) n=468 reported increase (29.2%) Moderate PA level: n=519 reported decrease (32.3%) n=806 reported no change (50.2%) n=282 reported increase (17.6%) High PA level: n=566 reported decrease (35.2%) n=736 reported no change (45.8%) n=306 reported increase (19.0%) |
NA | Conflicting | |
| Duncan et al15 | N=3971 | Healthy adults (identical and same-sex fraternal twins) | Not defined | Descriptive statistics | n=1048 reported decrease (26.4%) n=1183 reported no change (29.8%) n=1740 reported increase (43.8%) |
NA | ||
| Galle et al17 | N=2125 | Undergraduate students | Not defined | Descriptive statistics | n=453 reported decrease (21.3%) n=640 reported no change (30.1%) n=1032 reported in increase (48.6%) |
NA | ||
| Keel et al20 | N=90 | Undergraduate students | Not defined | Descriptive statistics | n=54 reported decrease (61.5%) n=12 reported no change (13.6%) n=22 reported increase (24.9%) |
NA | ||
| Lehtisalo et al21 | N=2816 | Healthy adults | Leisure time physical activity, housework or cleaning, and gardening as measured by an unvalidated self-reported questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=91 reported decreased (34%) n=287 reported no change (50%) n=193 reported increased (16%) |
NA | ||
| Lesser et al22 | N=1098 | Healthy adults | Walking/jogging/running/biking/cycling/weight training/online video/classes/yoga/home workout/hiking/home/yard work/other as measured by the Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire and Godin Leisure-Time Questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=372 reported decrease (33.9%) n=334 reported no change (30.4%) n=392 reported increase (35.7%) |
NA | ||
| Paltrinieri et al25 | N=2816 | Healthy adults | Not defined | Descriptive statistics | n=641 reported decrease (35.1%) n=972 reported no change (53.2%) n=97 reported increase (5.3%) n=116 were missing data (6.4%) |
NA | ||
| Stanton et al32 | N=1491 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by Active Australian Survey† | Descriptive statistics | n=308 reported decrease (20.7%) n=454 reported no change (30.5%) n=729 reported increase (48.9%) |
NA | ||
| Changes in number of participants involving in different PA categories (N=3) | ||||||||
| Rodríguez-Nogueira et al28 | N=472 | Healthy adults | Aerobics, strengthening exercise, others, and no exercise, as well as the frequency of doing exercise as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire Occasionally carry out PA: some d/mo Frequently carry out PA: 7 d/wk |
Descriptive statistics | Never carry out PA: increased from n=86 to n=113 (by 31%) Occasionally carry out PA: decreased from n=272 to n=213 (by 21.7%) Frequently carry out PA: increased from n=114 to n=146 (by 28.3%) |
NA | Very limited | |
| Ruíz-Roso et al30 | N=726 | Adolescents | Active: PA ≥300 min/wk as measured by IPAQ | Descriptive statistics | Active population: decreased from n=206 to n=135 (by 34.5%) Inactive population: increased from n=86 to n=157 (by 82.5%) |
NA | ||
| Sonza et al31 | N=3194 | Healthy adults | Aerobics, resistance, and strength exercise as measured by the Physical Exercise Level Before and During Social Isolation Questionnaire Level of activity reported by participants |
Descriptive statistics | “A bit active” population: increased from n=866 to n=1086 (from 27.1% to 34%) Active population: decreased from n=1412 to n=1044 (from 44.2% to 32.7%) Very active population: decreased from n=527 to n=265 (from 16.5% to 8.3%) |
NA | ||
| MET-min/wk (N=3) | ||||||||
| Arturo et al7 | N=37 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Student t test | Decreased from 1826 MET-min/wk to 552 MET-min/wk (by 69.8%) Low PA: increased 18.2% in MET-min/wk Moderate PA: increased 10.1% in MET-min/wk High PA: decreased 22.3% in MET-min/wk |
P=.005 | Small | Very limited |
| Orlandi et al24 | N=2218 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Paired t test | Decreased from 2269.2 MET-min/wk to 1728 MET-min/wk (by 23.8%) | P=.001 | ||
| Weaver et al36 | N=362 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Paired t test | Decreased from 2205±3342.7 MET-min/wk to 1616±2176.6 MET-min/wk (by 26.7%) | P<.001 | ||
| IPAQ scores (N=1) | ||||||||
| Ammar et al6 | N=1047 | Healthy adults | PA as defined by IPAQ* | Paired t test | Decreased from 5.04±2.51 to 3.83±2.84 (by 24%) | P<.001 | Very limited | |
| Proportion of participants reported changes in exercise duration (N=2) | ||||||||
| Deng et al11 | N=1607 | Healthy adults | Time spent on exercise during COVID-19 (including web-based physical education) as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=826 reported less time (51.4%) n=460 reported the same (28.6%) n=321 reported more (20.0%) |
NA | Limited | |
| Hu et al18 | N=1033 | Healthy adults | Exercise as defined by IPAQ (eg, dancing and running) at 4 mo before COVID-19 and 4 mo after COVID-19 as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=195 reported decrease (18.9%) n=654 reported no change (63.3%) n=184 reported increase (17.8%) |
NA | ||
| Proportion of participants reported doing regular exercise (N=2) | ||||||||
| Barrea et al8 | N=121 | Healthy adults | ≥30 min/d of aerobic exercise | χ2 test | Decreased from n=62 (51.2%) to n=39 (32.2%) | P=.004 | Conflicting | |
| Di Renzo et al12 | N=3533 | Healthy adults | At least once/wk of training (eg, walking/gym/run/swimming/soccer/volleyball/basketball/Cross Fit/dance/yoga/aerobic fitness/martial arts/tennis/aerial gymnastics) | Descriptive statistics | Reported training: increased from n=2173 to n=2198 (by 1.2%) Reported no training: decreased from n=1360 to n=1335 (by 1.8%) |
NA | ||
| Duration of sedentary time (N=3) | ||||||||
| Jia et al19 | N=10,082 | High school, college, and graduate school students | Screen time as measured by IPAQ | Paired t test | Increased from 4.9±1.9 h/d to 5.6±2.2 h/d (by 14.3%) | P<.001 | Small | Very limited |
| Weaver et al36 | N=362 | Healthy adults | Sitting time as measured by IPAQ-Short Form | Paired t test | Increased from 460.9±281.6 min/d to 494.5±211.5 min/d (by 7.4%) | P<.001 | ||
| Zhu et al38 | N=889 | Healthy adults | Sedentary time as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Paired t test | Increased from 5.3±2.7 h/d to 6.6±3.1 h/d (by 24.5%) | P<.001 | ||
| Proportion of participants reported changes in sedentary time (N=4) | ||||||||
| Cooper et al10 | N=1,607 | Healthy adults | Screen and sitting time as measured by IPAQ-Short Form | Descriptive statistics | Screen time: n=79 reported decrease (4.9%) n=662 reported no change (41.2%) n=866 reported increase (53.9%) Sitting time: n=91 reported decrease (5.7%) n=577 reported no change (35.9%) n=939 reported increase (58.5%) |
NA | Limited | |
| Dunton et al16 | N=211 | Healthy children | Sitting time as measured by the Active Where questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=8 reported decrease (4%) n=87 reported increase (41%) n=116 no results available (55%) |
NA | ||
| Hu et al18 | N=1033 | Healthy adults | Screen time as measured by IPAQ | Descriptive statistics | n=80 reported decrease (7.8%) n=247 reported no change (23.9%) n=706 reported increased (68.3%) |
NA | ||
| Sonza et al31 | N=3194 | Healthy adults | Sedentary behavior as measured by the Physical Exercise Level Before and During Social Isolation Questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | Sedentary population increased from n=390 (12.2%) to n=799 (25.0%) | NA | ||
| Countries without lockdown measures | ||||||||
| Proportion of participants reported changes in PA (N=1) | ||||||||
| Blom et al55 | N=5599 | Healthy adults | Daily activity as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=1456 reported decrease (26.0%) n=3527 reported no change (63.0%) n=616 reported increase (11.0%) |
NA | Very limited | |
| Proportion of participants reported changes in exercise duration (N=1) | ||||||||
| Blom et al55 | n=5599 | Healthy adults | Time spent on exercise during COVID-19 as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Descriptive statistics | n=1567 reported decrease (28%) n=3303 reported no change (59%) n=728 reported increase (13%) |
NA | Very limited | |
| Proportion of participants reported changes in sedentary time (N=1) | ||||||||
| Blom et al55 | N=5599 | Healthy adults | Sitting time as measured by an unvalidated self-developed questionnaire | Descriptive statistics |
n=448 reported decrease (8%) n=3695 reported no change (66%) n=1456 reported increase (26%) |
NA | Very limited | |
Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variables; NA. not applicable.
⁎
Definition of PA according to IPAQ: refer to appendix 3.
†
Definition of PA according to Active Australian Survey: refer to appendix 4.