Table 1.
Participant characteristics of the eight included studies
| Articles | N (sham, active) | Diagnosis | Mean Age | Sex (% female) | CPZ equivalent | Electrode Placement (Anode / Cathode) | Stimulation intensity(mA), area (cm2) | Sessions | Follow-up time point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valiengo et al., 2020 | 100 (50, 50) | SZ with negative symptoms | 35.25 | 20.00% | 497.75 | L-DLPFC (F3) / L-TPJ (T3 and P3) | 2, 35 | 10 | 12 weeks |
| Chang et al., 2019 | 60 (30, 30) | SZ and SA | 44.28 | 55.00% | 493.60 | L-DLPFC / L-TPJ | 2, 35 | 10 | N/A |
| Lindenmayer et al., 2019 | 28 (13,15) | SZ with AVH (Drug resistant) | 40.20 | 14.29% | 891.81 | L-DLPFC / L-TPJ | 2, 35 | 8 | N/A |
| Gomes et al., 2018 | 24 (12,12) | SZ | 36.46 | 29.17% | N/A | L-DLPFC / R-DLPFC | 2,25 | 10 | 12 weeks |
| Jeon et al.. 2018 | 54 (28, 26) | SZ | 39.93 | 51.85% | 581.60 | L-DLPFC (F3) / R-DLPFC (F4) | 2,25 | 10 | 12 weeks |
| Mellin et al, 2018 | 14 (7,7) | SZ and SA | 34.22 | N/A | L-DLPFC (F3 and FP1) / L-TPJ (T3 and P3) | 2,25 | 10 | 4 weeks | |
| Fröhlich et al., 2016 | 26 (13,13) | SZ and SA with AVH | 41.69 | 15.38% | N/A | L-DLPFC (F3 and FP1) / L-TPJ (T3 and P3) | 2, 35 | 5 | 4 weeks |
| Mondino et al., 2016 | 23 (12,11) | SZ with AVH (Drug resistant) | 37.01 | 34.78% | 486.00 | L-DLPFC (F3 and FP1) / L-TPJ (T3 and P3) | 2, 35 | 10 | N/A |
Notes. SZ: patients with schizophrenia, SA: patients with schizoaffective disorder. AVH: auditory-verbal hallucination, L-DLPFC: left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; R-DLPFC; right dorsolateral pref’ontal cortex L-TPJ; left temporoparietal junction; Sessions; the number of total sessions with transcranial direct current stimulation