TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for HF by Discharge eGFR Category
| eGFR Category, ml/min/1.73 m2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥90 (n = 35,759) |
60 to <90 (n = 95,403) |
45 to <60 (n = 70,699) |
30 to <45 (n = 75,704) |
<30 (n = 69,060) |
Dialysis (n = 18,869) |
|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | 58 ± 14 | 70 ± 15 | 74 ± 13 | 77 ± 13 | 76 ± 13 | 66 ± 14 |
| Female | 13,698 (38) | 41,277 (43) | 33,816 (48) | 39,054 (52) | 37,813 (55) | 8,561 (45) |
| Race | ||||||
| Black | 12,234 (34) | 19,372 (20) | 12,226 (17) | 11,504 (15) | 12,214 (18) | 5,415 (29) |
| White | 18,835 (53) | 65,182 (68) | 51,045 (72) | 56,439 (75) | 48,193 (70) | 9,990 (53) |
| Hispanic | 3,221 (9) | 7,259 (8) | 4,876 (7) | 4,881 (6) | 5,443 (8) | 2,290 (12) |
| Asian | 408 (1) | 1,221 (1) | 929 (1) | 1,143 (2) | 1,401 (2) | 616 (3) |
| Other | 1,061 (3) | 2,369 (2) | 1,623 (2) | 1,737 (2) | 1,809 (3) | 558 (3) |
| Medical history | ||||||
| AF/AFL | 8,826 (25) | 37,808 (40) | 32,220 (46) | 36,269 (48) | 28,433 (41) | 5,383 (29) |
| COPD/asthma | 13,832 (39) | 34,720 (36) | 25,612 (36) | 27,194 (36) | 23,032 (33) | 6,896 (37) |
| CVA/TIA | 3,756 (11) | 14,086 (15) | 12,066 (17) | 13,944 (18) | 12,946 (19) | 3,730 (20) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2,411 (7) | 8,850 (9) | 8,046 (11) | 10,438 (14) | 10,588 (15) | 3,448 (18) |
| Previous MI | 5,589 (16) | 17,502 (18) | 14,608 (21) | 16,857 (22) | 15,352 (22) | 4,393 (23) |
| Hypertension | 27,074 (76) | 78,147 (82) | 60,180 (85) | 65,903 (87) | 61,326 (89) | 17,097 (91) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14,271 (40) | 36,749 (39) | 30,606 (43) | 37,134 (49) | 39,546 (57) | 12,002 (64) |
| Smoking history | 12,990 (36) | 19,803 (21) | 10,034 (14) | 7,976 (11) | 7,010 (10) | 3,469 (18) |
| LVEF, % | 39 ± 18 | 42 ± 18 | 43 ± 17 | 44 ± 17 | 46 ± 16 | 46 ± 16 |
| HFrEF ≤40% | 18,963 (55) | 44,737 (49) | 30,790 (45) | 30,865 (42) | 25,561 (39) | 6,523 (37) |
| HFmrEF 41% to 49% | 2,813 (8) | 8,346 (9) | 6,769 (10) | 7,467 (10) | 7,058 (11) | 2,139 (12) |
| HFpEF ≥50% | 12,756 (37) | 38,841 (42) | 30,594 (45) | 34,581 (47) | 33,749 (51) | 9,181 (51) |
| Any diuretic use | 18,903 (53) | 53,690 (56) | 40,213 (57) | 41,797 (55) | 33,834 (49) | 5,088 (27) |
| Loop diuretic | 18,154 (51) | 51,828 (54) | 38,853 (55) | 40,305 (53) | 32,607 (47) | 4,904 (26) |
| Thiazide diuretic | 885 (2) | 2,435 (3) | 2,049 (3) | 2,626 (3) | 2,434 (4) | 308 (2) |
| Diuretic type not specified | 441 (1) | 1,044 (1) | 759 (1) | 846 (1) | 725 (1) | 110 (1) |
| Discharge vital signs and laboratory measurements | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 32.9 ± 11.3 | 30.8 ± 10.0 | 30.6 ± 9.2 | 30.5 ± 8.9 | 30.4 ± 8.6 | 29.0 ± 8.3 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 82 ± 15 | 79 ± 15.0 | 77 ± 15 | 76 ± 15 | 75 ± 15 | 78 ± 14 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121 ± 20 | 123 ± 20 | 124 ± 20 | 125 ± 21 | 129 ± 22 | 132 ± 24 |
| Potassium, mEq/l* | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.3) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.6) | 4.4 (4.0, 4.8) |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||
| Teaching hospital | 29,405 (82) | 75,953 (80) | 55,967 (79) | 59,492 (79) | 54,704 (79) | 14,694 (78) |
| Region | ||||||
| West | 6,471 (18) | 17,127 (18) | 11,708 (17) | 11,413 (15) | 10,261 (15) | 3,043 (16) |
| South | 12,088 (34) | 29,219 (31) | 21,296 (30) | 22,011 (29) | 20,299 (29) | 6,062 (32) |
| Midwest | 7,326 (20) | 19,647 (21) | 15,034 (21) | 16,750 (22) | 14,478 (21) | 4,357 (23) |
| Northeast | 9,874 (28) | 29,410 (31) | 22,661 (32) | 25,530 (34) | 24,022 (35) | 5,407 (29) |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| In-hospital death | 367 (1) | 1,288 (1) | 1,263 (2) | 2,093 (3) | 3,922 (6) | 783 (4) |
| Length of stay, days | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 6) | 4 (3, 7) | 4 (2, 7) |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range). All P-value for comparisons across eGFR categories were ≤0.01.
Among 198,544 participants (54.3%) who had available data on potassium levels at discharge.
AF = atrial fibrillation; AFL = atrial flutter; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA = cerebrovascular accident; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF = heart failure; HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; TIA = transient ischemic attack.