. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 10.

Published in final edited form as: JAMA Surg. 2021 Jan 1;156(1):76–90. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.5045

Table 5.

Surgical Procedures With Evidence Favoring Enteral Analgesic Administration to Decrease Opioid Administration^a

Surgical specialty	Procedure(s)	LOE^b
General surgery	Lower abdominal incisions, appendectomy^129,154,155	2
Ear, nose, and throat	Tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy, myringotomies^{142,156–161}	2,4
Plastic surgery	Palatoplasty^162,163	2,4
Urology	Hypospadias repair¹⁶⁴	2
Orthopedic surgery	Outpatient procedures (ie, arthroscopy, pinning, etc)¹⁶⁵	2
Neurosurgery	Craniectomy¹⁶⁶	4
Ophthalmology	Strabismus repair¹⁶⁷	2

Abbreviation: LOE, level of evidence.

Includes oral and enteral administration.

Level of evidence based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence and GRADE.²¹