Table 1.

Outline of self-efficacy-enhancing intervention components, strategies, and specific techniques

Components	Strategies	Specific techniques
Individual past experience	Providing knowledge of functional exercise Setting achievable goals Providing positive feedback	Educating participants in rehabilitation exercise, complications, and disease Encouraging participants to observe and record their exercise behavior Conferring with participants to develop functional exercise goals at different stages, making plans on when, where, and how to engage in regular physical activities Identifying challenges of postoperative rehabilitation through discussion Providing positive feedback on accomplishments
Vicarious experience	Sharing cases of successful rehabilitation	Sharing previous success stories to build confidence Introducing the successful experiences of others to motivate participants to adhere to their rehabilitation program in the following months
Verbal persuasion	Persuasion Giving verbal encouragement and compliment	Describing the benefits of physical activities Asserting that participants have the ability to self-manage Commending participants upon their efforts and giving verbal encouragement Reinforcing participants’ past and present successes or accomplishments
Psychological monitoring	Avoiding negative emotional stimulation Helping participants to seek social support	Assessing participants’ expression of anxiety and depression Identifying individual barriers to, and resources for, physical activity Providing strategies for dealing with barriers and coping in the future (post-surgery; the significance of social support)