Table 1.

Empirical Power by dependency, sample size, and population values of a, b, and c’.

n	a, b, and c’	Baseline - no lag for M and Y	Unmodeled lag for M and Y			Modeled lag for M and Y
		Lagged coefficient=0	Lagged coefficient=.3	Lagged coefficient=.5	Lagged coefficient=.8	Lagged coefficient=.3	Lagged coefficient=.5	Lagged coefficient=.8
4	Large, large, zero	0.21	0.11	0.12	0.14	0.37	0.41	0.40
	Large, large, large	0.22	0.16	0.11	0.12	0.41	0.45	0.37
	Very large, very large, zero	0.29	0.18	0.20	0.17	0.49	0.45	0.47
6	Large, large, zero	0.10	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.14	0.12	0.11
	Large, large, large	0.11	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.15	0.14	0.13
	Very large, very large, zero	0.23	0.12	0.11	0.09	0.26	0.29	0.26
8	Large, large, zero	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.12	0.10	0.12
	Large, large, large	0.09	0.07	0.05	0.07	0.12	0.09	0.11
	Very large, very large, zero	0.26	0.17	0.12	.10	0.28	0.25	0.27
10	Large, large, zero	0.10	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.11	0.10	0.12
	Large, large, large	0.11	0.09	0.04	0.09	0.12	0.13	0.12
	Very large, very large, zero	0.34	0.19	0.14	0.09	0.30	0.28	0.31
12	Large, large, zero	0.11	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.10	0.14	0.09
	Large, large, large	0.09	0.12	0.08	0.06	0.12	0.13	0.12
	Very large, very large, zero	0.38	0.22	0.17	0.09	0.32	0.34	0.33
16	Large, large, zero	0.18	0.11	0.09	0.05	0.14	0.15	0.13
	Large, large, large	0.16	0.09	0.07	0.06	0.15	0.18	0.15
	Very large, very large, zero	0.54	0.29	0.15	0.09	0.43	0.44	0.48
20	Large, large, zero	0.24	0.12	0.09	0.06	0.19	0.21	0.22
	Large, large, large	0.21	0.15	0.10	0.05	0.23	0.18	0.19
	Very large, very large, zero	0.59	0.40	0.18	0.10	0.55	0.54	0.53
40	Large, large, zero	0.47	0.28	0.14	0.08	0.44	0.42	0.42
	Large, large, large	0.44	0.21	0.16	0.07	0.42	0.47	0.44
	Very large, very large, zero	0.89	0.59	0.31	0.08	0.82	0.82	0.82
50	Large, large, zero	0.54	0.28	0.19	0.08	0.53	0.56	0.51
	Large, large, large	0.56	0.31	0.17	0.09	0.53	0.50	0.52
	Very large, very large, zero	0.95	0.66	0.36	0.10	0.88	0.89	0.88
100	Large, large, zero	0.85	0.49	0.29	0.07	0.82	0.81	0.84
	Large, large, large	0.83	0.53	0.26	0.09	0.80	0.81	0.79
	Very large, very large, zero	1.00	0.91	0.56	0.12	0.99	1.00	0.27

Note: For a, b, and c’, large = .59, very large = 1.00. Column 1 (ρ₁ = 0) refers to a baseline condition with no dependency. Columns 2–7 refer to conditions where dependency was induced via lagged coefficients of equal value for M and Y. The lagged M and Y variables were not modeled in columns 2–4 and were modeled in columns 5–7.