Table 5.

The effects of severe osteopenia and ginger on renal biochemical markers in control (CTRL), combined model of osteoporosis (CMO) and osteoporotic rats treated with ZO (CMO + ZO) or with Clp (CMO + Clp)

Parameters		CTRL	CMO	CMO + ZO	CMO + Clp
Serum	Creatinine (µmol/L)	30.5 ± 0.86	36.33 ± 1.08**	29.83 ± 1.19##	30.16 ± 1.37##
	Urea (mmol/L)	6.15 ± 0.06	7.63 ± 0.29**	6.26 ± 0.15##	6.73 ± 0.14#
	Uric acid (mmol/L)	67.5 ± 1.32	77.83 ± 2.75*	68.5 ± 1.17#	68.8 ± 1.30#
Urine	Creatinine (µmol/L)	9.54 ± 0.56	7.25 ± 0.47*	9.21 ± 0.20##	8.91 ± 0.40#
	Urea (mmol/L)	1359 ± 146.24	978 ± 28.40*	1324 ± 108.58#	1322 ± 120.09#
	Uric acid (mmol/L)	618 ± 42.47	889 ± 86.96*	641.75 ± 46.08#	612 ± 110.70

The data represent the mean ± SEM. Comparisons are made between two groups: Osteoporotic (CMO) versus control group (CTRL): *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. Osteoporotic treated with ZO (CMO + ZO) or Clp (CMO + Clp) versus osteoporotic group (CMO): #p < 0.05; ##p < 0.01. ZO Zingiber officinale, Clp Calperos