Table 1.
Prevalence of CVD risk factors and effective risk factor interventions characteristics in patients with CKD by hypertensive status
| Variables | CKD and HT | CKD without acknowledged hypertension | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (Col %) | N (Col %) | ||
| CKD stage ≥ 3 | 4131 (16.5) | 2657 (1.1) | ** |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 2388 (57.8) | 1556 (58.6) | P > 0.05 |
| Male | 1743 (42.2) | 1101 (41.4) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| < 50 | 346 (8.4) | 720 (27.1) | ** |
| 50–59 | 568 (13.8) | 642 (24.2) | |
| 60–69 | 620 (15.0) | 480 (18.1) | |
| 70–79 | 1,127 (27.3) | 406 (15.3) | |
| 80–89 | 1,149 (27.8) | 322 (12.1) | |
| > 90 | 321 (7.8) | 87 (3.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Normal or below normal (below 25 kg/m2) | 1027 (24.9) | 778 (31.9) | ** |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 1,452 (35.2) | 796 (30.0) | |
| Obesity grade I (30.0–34.9 kg/m2) | 858 (20.8) | 412 (15.5) | |
| Obesity grade II (35.0–39.9 kg/m2) | 333 (8.1) | 147 (5.5) | |
| Obesity grade III (≥ 40 kg/m2) | 149 (3.6) | 57 (2.1) | |
| Missing value | 312 (7.6) | 399 (15.0) | |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015 (IMD) Quintile (% coded) | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 962 (23.3) | 623 (23.5) | P > 0.05 |
| 2 | 915 (22.2) | 528 (19.1) | |
| 3 | 697 (16.9) | 463 (17.4) | |
| 4 | 767 (18.6) | 524 (19.7) | |
| 5 | 788 (19.1) | 515 (19.4) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.05) | 4 (0.15) | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| European | 1,878 (45.5) | 1,141 (42.9) | ** |
| Black African | 662 (16.0) | 421 (15.8) | |
| Black Caribbean | 879 (21.3) | 522 (19.7) | |
| South Asian | 174 (4.2) | 109 (4.1) | |
| Chinese | 29 (0.7) | 9 (0.3) | |
| Other ethnicity | 66 (1.6) | 58 (2.2) | |
| Non-stated | 94 (2.3) | 69 (2.6) | |
| Missing | 349 (8.5) | 328 (12.3) | |
| History of comorbidities | |||
| Previous stroke | 342 (8.2) | 61 (2.3) | ** |
| Cancer | 37 (0.9) | 31 (1.2) | P > 0.05 |
| Coronary Heart Disease, CHD | 602 (14.6) | 193 (7.3) | ** |
| Serious mental illness, SMI | 164 (4.0) | 142 (5.3) | * |
| Heart failure | 345 (8.3) | 100 (3.7) | ** |
| Mean SBP < 140 mmHg | 1,522 (60.2) | 472 (77.0) | ** |
| Mean DBP < 90 mmHg | 2,278 (90.1) | 576 (94.0) | * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 2,792 (73.1) | 1,412 (62.5) | ** |
| Current or ex-smoker | 465 (11.3) | 464 (17.6) | ** |
| Alcohol > 14 units/week | 29 (0.70) | 26 (1.0) | P > 0.05 |
| Prescribed treatments | |||
| NSAIDs | 991 (24.0) | 780 (29.4) | ** |
| COXIBs | 16 (0.4) | 12 (0.5) | P > 0.05 |
| ACEIs/ARBs | 2,945 (71.3) | 335 (12.6) | ** |
| Beta-blockers | 1,562 (37.8) | 319 (12.0) | ** |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2,682 (64.9) | 167 (6.2) | ** |
| Diuretics | 2,191 (53.0) | 145 (5.5) | ** |
| Statins | 2,266 (54.9) | 618 (23.3) | ** |
CKD includes both diagnosed and undiagnosed CKD Stage 3–5. Patients with diabetes were excluded
HT hypertension, CHD coronary heart disease, BP blood pressure, BMI body mass index, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COXIBs COX-2 inhibitors, ACEIs angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CCBs calcium channel blockers, IMD index of multiple deprivation
*P < 0.05
**P < 0.001