Table 7.
Relationships between Resident Nonverbal Behaviors and Characteristics of Staff and Residents
| Variable | Positive/neutral behaviors | Chewing/swallowing difficulties/minute | Functional impairments | Resistive behaviors/minute | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1+ | 0 | <1 | 1+ | 0 | 1+ | 0 | <1 | 1+ | |||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | p b | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | p a | M (SD) | M (SD) | p b | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | p a | |
| Staff age, years (n=110) | 31.9(7.2) | 33.2(9.5) | .500 | 33.1(8.9) | 31.6(6.7) | 33.4(10.3) | .860 | 32.5(7.8) | 32.8(9.9) | .949 | 32.9(7.7) | 33.3(9.5) | 30.8(7.7) | .426 |
| Staff years as caregiver (n=110) | 8.5(6.5) | 9.1(5.7) | .497 | 8.8(6.7) | 9.5(6.1) | 7.9(5.5) | .453 | 9.2(5.8) | 8.0(6.7) | .204 | 7.9(5.8) | 9.7(6.6) | 8.5(5.7) | .402 |
| Staff years in current NH (n=110) | 4.4(4.1) | 5.3(4.7) | .465 | 5.0(4.9) | 4.2(4.5) | 5.7(3.7) | .095 | 5.1(4.6) | 4.5(4.0) | .725 | 5.2(4.6) | 5.2(4.8) | 3.8(3.1) | .713 |
| Resident age, years (n=105) | 81.4(8.0) | 85.9(6.5) | .004 | 84.2(7.0) | 82.4(9.6) | 85.3(4.0) | .820 | 85.1(7.0) | 80.6(8.2) | .013 | 84.2(7.2) | 83.7(7.9) | 83.0(7.9) | .815 |
| Resident comorbidity (n=93) | 28.1(4.0) | 26.9(5.0) | .366 | 26.7(4.5) | 27.7(5.0) | 27.9(4.4) | .411 | 27.0(4.4) | 28.8(4.9) | .102 | 25.8(4.7) | 27.4(4.2) | 30.1(4.1) | .003 |
| Functional status (n=98) | 24.3(5.3) | 23.2(4.7) | .113 | 24.8(6.0) | 24.4(5.0) | 21.8(3.3) | .128 | 23.4(4.9) | 24.8(5.3) | .152 | 22.5(4.2) | 23.8(4.5) | 26.3(6.7) | .051 |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | p c | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p c | n (%) | n (%) | p c | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p c | |
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Staff gender | .524 | .488 | .262 | .350 | ||||||||||
| Male (n=30) | 13(43.3) | 17(56.7) | 11(36.7) | 13(43.3) | 6(20.0) | 18(60.0) | 12(40.0) | 12(40.0) | 14(46.7) | 4(13.3) | ||||
| Female (n=80) | 41(51.3) | 39(48.8) | 23(28.8) | 32(40.0) | 25(31.3) | 57(71.3) | 23(28.8) | 29(36.3) | 30(37.5) | 21(26.3) | ||||
| Staff race | .005 | .786 | .838 | .192 | ||||||||||
| White(n=54) | 19(35.2) | 35(64.8) | 16(29.6) | 24(44.4) | 14(25.9) | 36(66.7) | 18(33.3) | 20(37.0) | 18(33.3) | 16(29.6) | ||||
| Black(n=56) | 35(62.5) | 21(37.5) | 18(32.1) | 21(37.5) | 17(30.4) | 39(69.6) | 17(30.4) | 21(37.5) | 26(46.4) | 9(16.1) | ||||
| Staff education | .107 | .705 | .026 | .798 | ||||||||||
| High school(n=24) | 8(33.3) | 16(66.7) | 8(33.3) | 11(45.8) | 5(20.8) | 21(87.5) | 3(12.5) | 10(41.7) | 8(33.3) | 6(25.0) | ||||
| College(n=86) | 46(53.5) | 40(46.5) | 26(30.2) | 34(39.5) | 26(30.2) | 54(62.8) | 32(37.2) | 31(36.1) | 36(41.9) | 19(22.1) | ||||
| Resident gender | .178 | .314 | .013 | .599 | ||||||||||
| Male(n=66) | 36(54.6) | 30(45.5) | 20(30.3) | 24(36.4) | 22(33.3) | 39(59.1) | 27(40.9) | 22(33.3) | 28(42.4) | 16(24.2) | ||||
| Female(n=44) | 18(40.9) | 26(59.1) | 14(31.8) | 21(47.7) | 9(20.5) | 36(81.8) | 8(18.2) | 19(43.2) | 16(36.4) | 9(20.5) | ||||
| Resident dementia stage | .002 | .261 | .003 | .049 | ||||||||||
| Moderately severe (n=51) | 17(33.3) | 34(66.7) | 18(35.3) | 20(39.2) | 13(25.5) | 45(88.2) | 6(11.8) | 24(47.1) | 20(39.2) | 7(13.7) | ||||
| Severe (n=33) | 23(69.7) | 10(30.3) | 8(24.2) | 11(33.3) | 14(42.4) | 19(57.6) | 14(42.4) | 8(24.2) | 14(42.4) | 11(33.3) | ||||
| Resident eating function | <.001 | .046 | .006 | .272 | ||||||||||
| Independent (n=22) | 8(36.4) | 14(63.6) | 7(31.8) | 10(45.5) | 5(22.7) | 13(59.1) | 9(40.9) | 12(54.6) | 7(31.8) | 3(13.6) | ||||
| Partially (in)dependent (n=52) | 19(36.5) | 33(63.5) | 22(42.3) | 19(36.5) | 11(21.2) | 43(82.7) | 9(17.3) | 20(38.5) | 20(38.5) | 12(23.1) | ||||
| Dependent (n=36) | 27(75.0) | 9(25.0) | 5(13.9) | 16(44.4) | 15(41.7) | 19(52.8) | 17(47.2) | 9(25.0) | 17(47.2) | 10(27.8) | ||||
Note. Categories for variables operationalized as the number of behaviors per minute are: 0, between 0 and 1, and 1 or more behaviors per minute. Categories for variables indicating presence of the behavior in a video are: 0 and 1 or more behaviors. Values significant at p < .05 are in bold. Resident functional status was determined using the MDS-ADL. Resident dementia stage was determined using the Functional Assessment Staging in Alzheimer’s Disease (FAST): moderately severe = FAST score 6 to <7, severe = FAST score ≥7. Resident eating function was defined as a proportion of food intake episodes initiated by resident: independent = 75% – 100%, partially (in)dependent = between 25% and 75%, dependent = 0% – 25%.
p-values for Kruskal-Wallis test;
p-values for Wilcoxon rank-sum test;
p-values for Fisher’s exact test.