Table 8.
Relationships between Staff Nonverbal Behaviors and Characteristics of Staff and Residents
| Variable | Modifications of resident abilities/minute | Modifications of care approaches/minute | Modifications of dining environments/minute | Challenging behaviors | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||||
| 0 | <1 | 1+ | 0 | <1 | 1+ | 0 | <1 | 1+ | 0 | 1+ | |||||
|
| |||||||||||||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | p a | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | p a | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | p a | M (SD) | M (SD) | p b | |
| Staff age, years (n=110) | 33.7(7.6) | 32.4(7.2) | 32.4(9.2) | .691 | 34.1(6.3) | 32.8(9.9) | 31.6(8.4) | .102 | 32.0(7.6) | 33.0(9.1) | 32.2(8.2) | .799 | 32.0(4.9) | 32.8(9.6) | .606 |
| Staff years as caregiver (n=110) | 9.3(8.0) | 8.3(5.7) | 8.9(6.0) | .949 | 9.6(6.6) | 8.8(6.1) | 8.4(6.0) | .696 | 8.0(5.2) | 9.8(6.9) | 7.6(5.2) | .405 | 8.5(4.7) | 8.9(6.6) | .718 |
| Staff years in current NH (n=110) | 4.7(5.0) | 5.3(4.6) | 4.7(4.3) | .750 | 7.2(4.9) | 5.3(4.4) | 3.4(3.6) | <.001 | 3.1(3.1) | 5.2(4.3) | 6.1(5.3) | .046 | 5.6(4.8) | 4.6(4.3) | .509 |
| Resident age, years (n=105) | 85.3(8.0) | 84.1(7.2) | 83.3(7.8) | .667 | 83.8(7.3) | 83.4(7.0) | 84.0(8.2) | .502 | 85.6(5.3) | 82.2(8.6) | 84.9(7.1) | .205 | 85.2(6.2) | 83.2(8.1) | .208 |
| Resident comorbidities (n=93) | 26.6(3.2) | 28.3(4.8) | 27.2(4.8) | .468 | 28.4(2.2) | 28.7(4.8) | 25.7(5.1) | .055 | 26.9(4.8) | 27.8(5.1) | 27.2(3.0) | .682 | 25.5(5.1) | 28.2(4.2) | .008 |
| Functional status (n=98) | 22.6(6.3) | 24.2(5.2) | 23.8(4.7) | .646 | 24.0(5.7) | 22.9(4.6) | 24.2(5.0) | .695 | 25.1(5.5) | 23.7(5.6) | 22.4(2.1) | .351 | 22.3(3.6) | 24.3(5.4) | .070 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p c | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p c | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p c | n (%) | n (%) | p c | |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Staff gender | 1.000 | .473 | .017 | .158 | |||||||||||
| Male (n=30) | 3(10.0) | 8(26.7) | 19(63.3) | 9(30.0) | 8(26.7) | 13(43.3) | 4(13.3) | 13(43.3) | 13(43.3) | 12(40.0) | 18(60.0) | ||||
| Female (n=80) | 9(11.3) | 20(25.0) | 51(63.8) | 16(20.0) | 28(35.0) | 36(45.0) | 24(30.0) | 42(52.5) | 14(17.5) | 20(25.0) | 60(75.0) | ||||
| Staff race | .551 | <.001 | .334 | .532 | |||||||||||
| White (n=54) | 4(7.4) | 14(25.9) | 36(66.7) | 4(7.4) | 16(29.6) | 34(63.0) | 17(31.5) | 26(48.2) | 11(20.4) | 14(25.9) | 40(74.1) | ||||
| Black (n=56) | 8(14.3) | 14(25.0) | 34(60.7) | 21(37.5) | 20(35.7) | 15(26.8) | 11(19.6) | 29(51.8) | 16(28.6) | 18(32.1) | 38(67.9) | ||||
| Staff education | .942 | .146 | .628 | .800 | |||||||||||
| High school (n=24) | 3(12.5) | 6(25.0) | 15(62.5) | 3(12.5) | 6(25.0) | 15(62.5) | 8(33.3) | 11(45.8) | 5(20.8) | 6(25.0) | 18(75.0) | ||||
| College (n=86) | 9(10.5) | 22(25.6) | 55(64.0) | 22(25.6) | 30(34.9) | 34(39.5) | 20(23.3) | 44(51.2) | 22(25.6) | 26(30.2) | 60(69.8) | ||||
| Resident gender | .839 | .003 | .084 | .523 | |||||||||||
| Male (n=66) | 7(10.6) | 18(27.3) | 41(62.1) | 20(30.3) | 25(37.9) | 21(31.8) | 14(21.2) | 31(47.0) | 21(31.8) | 21(31.8) | 45(68.2) | ||||
| Female (n=44) | 5(11.4) | 10(22.7) | 29(65.9) | 5(11.4) | 11(25.0) | 28(63.6) | 14(31.8) | 24(54.6) | 6(13.6) | 11(25.0) | 33(75.0) | ||||
| Resident dementia stage | .265 | .051 | .008 | .804 | |||||||||||
| Moderately severe (n=51) | 9(17.7) | 13(25.5) | 29(56.9) | 12(23.5) | 13(25.5) | 26(51.0) | 12(23.5) | 22(43.1) | 17(33.3) | 14(27.5) | 37(72.6) | ||||
| Severe (n=33) | 2(6.1) | 7(21.2) | 24(72.7) | 11(33.3) | 14(42.4) | 8(24.2) | 13(39.4) | 18(54.6) | 2(6.1) | 8(24.2) | 25(75.8) | ||||
| Resident eating function | .005 | .327 | .014 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Independent (n=22) | 4(18.2) | 9(40.9) | 9(40.9) | 2(9.1) | 7(31.8) | 13(59.1) | 5(22.7) | 7(31.8) | 10(45.5) | 6(27.3) | 16(72.7) | ||||
| Partially(in)dependent (n=52) | 7(13.5) | 15(28.9) | 30(57.7) | 15(28.9) | 15(28.9) | 22(42.3) | 10(19.2) | 28(53.9) | 14(26.9) | 15(28.9) | 37(71.2) | ||||
| Dependent (n=36) | 1(2.8) | 4(11.1) | 31(86.1) | 8(22.2) | 14(38.9) | 14(38.9) | 13(36.1) | 20(55.6) | 3(8.3) | 11(30.6) | 25(69.4) | ||||
Note. Categories for variables operationalized as the number of behaviors per minute are: 0, between 0 and 1, and 1 or more behaviors per minute. Categories for variables indicating presence of the behavior in a video are: 0 and 1 or more behaviors. Values significant at p < .05 are in bold. Residential functional status was determined using the MDS-ADL. Resident dementia stage was determined using the Functional Assessment Staging in Alzheimer’s Disease (FAST): moderately severe = FAST score 6 to <7, severe = FAST score ≥7. Resident eating function was defined as a proportion of food intake episodes initiated by resident: independent = 75% – 100%, partially (in)dependent = between 25% and 75%, dependent = 0% – 25%.
p-values for Kruskal-Wallis test;
p-values for Wilcoxon rank-sum test;
p-values for Fisher’s exact test.