Table 1.
Characteristics of sample of healthcare practitioners responding to second survey, relative to sample responding to first survey (column totals presented)
| Sample 1 (pre-COVID-19 wave) | Sample 2 (post-COVID-19 wave) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| General and demographic variables | |||
| Completed the two surveys, n (%) | NA | 310 (32.7%) | NA |
| Diagnosed with COVID, n (%) | NA | 241 (25.5%) | NA |
| Sample size | 937 | 876 | NA |
| Date collected between (month/year) | 4/20 to 5/20 | 11/20 to 1/21 | NA |
| Age, mean in years (SD) | 33.3 (7.9%) | 33.2 (7.9%) | 0.85 |
| Male, n (%) | 411 (43.9%) | 365 (41.7%) | 0.345 |
| Live with spouse, n (%) | 592 (63.7%) | 550 (62.8%) | 0.701 |
| Have children, n (%) | 528 (56.4%) | 472 (53.9%) | 0.291 |
| Live with old people, n (%) | 417 (44.5%) | 418 (47.7%) | 0.170 |
| Live with young people, n (%)* | 748 (79.8%) | 650 (74.2%) | 0.004 |
| Education level | |||
| Diploma or less, n (%) | 113 (12.1%) | 94 (10.7%) | 0.501 |
| Bachelor degree, n (%) | 669 (71.4%) | 623 (71.1%) | |
| Masters, PhD, n (%) | 155 (16.5%) | 159 (18.2%) | |
| Professional and workplace characteristics | |||
| Occupation*ψ | |||
| Nurses and technicians, n (%) | 629 (68.3%) | 619 (70.7%) | 0.000 |
| Physicians, n (%) | 126 (13.7%) | 175 (20.0%) | |
| Pharmacists, n (%) | 166 (18.0%) | 82 (9.4%) | |
| Type of institution (government or academic)*ψ | |||
| Specialized hospital (cancer), n (%) | 390 (41.6%) | 320 (36.8%) | 0.000 |
| Non-cancer/general hospital/medical center/clinic, n (%) | 427 (45.6%) | 528 (60.7%) | |
| Community pharmacy, n (%) | 115 (12.3%) | 22 (2.5%) | |
| Mean years of experience in the field (standard deviation) | 9.9 (7.7) | 9.5 (7.4) | 0.372 |
| Site of work | |||
| Hospital ICU & ER, RTU n (%) | 264 (28.4%) | 261 (30.4%) | 0.640 |
| Hospital medical departments, n (%) | 543 (58.4%) | 486 (56.6%) | |
| Other sites, n (%) | 123 (13.3%) | 111 (13.9%) | |
| COVID-related work characteristics | |||
| Dealt with suspected or actual COVID patients in line of work (actual or suspected), n (%)*ψ | 462 (49.3%) | 819 (93.5%) | 0.000 |
| Work in a COVID-19 specialized ward, n (%)*ψ | 148 (15.8%) | 362 (41.3%) | 0.000 |
| Experienced a high workload during past 30 days, n (%)*ψ | 315 (33.6%) | 496 (56.6%) | 0.000 |
| Was satisfied at work, n (%)* | 670 (71.7%) | 577 (65.9%) | 0.009 |
| Agreed that co-workers could be relied on, n (%) | 486 (52.0%) | 451 (51.5%) | 0.853 |
| Agreed that peers could openly talk, n (%) | 616 (65.9%) | 560 (64.0%) | 0.402 |
| Agreed there were effective work safety measures, n (%) | 540 (61.0%) | 515 (58.8%) | 0.355 |
| Agreed that sufficient PPE training was given, n (%) | 458 (51.7%) | 466 (53.2%) | 0.528 |
| PPE availability | |||
| Availability of full PPE, n (%)*ψ | 302 (32.2%) | 393 (44.9%) | 0.000 |
| Psychological health | |||
| Distress*ψ | |||
| None, n (%) | 29 (3.1%) | 13 (1.5%) | 0.000 |
| Low, n (%) | 287 (30.6%) | 160 (18.3%) | |
| Moderate, n (%) | 321 (34.3%) | 274 (31.3%) | |
| High, n (%) | 300 (32.0%) | 429 (49.0%) | |
| Reported at least one symptom of Burnout, n (%)*ψ | 314 (33.5%) | 411 (46.9%) | 0.000 |
| Anxiety, past 7 day raw score, mean (SD)* ψ | 9.2 (3.7) | 11.1 (4.1) | 0.000 |
| Depression, past 7 day raw score, mean (SD)* ψ | 7.3 (3.8) | 8.9 (4.2) | 0.000 |
| Experienced sleep disturbances, n (%)* | 268 (28.6%) | 302 (34.5%) | 0.007 |
| Reported substantial fatigue, n (%)*ψ | 321 (34.3%) | 443 (50.6%) | 0.000 |
*Significant Chi-square or t test p value using cutoff of 0.05
ψSignificant Chi-square or t test p value using Bonferroni-adjusted cutoff of 0.002