Table 2.
Demographic, professional and workplace characteristics across distress levels in Jordanian healthcare practitioners experiencing a COVID-19 wave (n = 876). Row total percentages presented
| No distress (n = 13) | Low distress (n = 160) | Moderate distress (n = 274) | High distress (n = 429) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean)* ψ | 39.9 | 35.7 | 34.1 | 31.6 | 0.000 |
| Male*ψ | 10 (23.1%) | 86 (53.8%) | 114 (41.6%) | 155 (36.1%) | 0.000 |
| Live with spouse* | 10 (76.9%) | 115 (71.9%) | 180 (65.7%) | 245 (57.1%) | 0.003 |
| Have children* | 9 (69.2%) | 104 (65.0%) | 151 (55.1%) | 208 (48.5%) | 0.002 |
| Live with old people | 5 (38.5%) | 63 (39.4%) | 137 (50.0%) | 213 (49.7%) | 0.106 |
| Live with young people* | 11 (84.6%) | 133 (83.1%) | 194 (70.8%) | 312 (72.7%) | 0.023 |
| Education level | 0.080 | ||||
| Diploma or less | 1 (7.7%) | 23 (14.4%) | 28 (10.2%) | 42 (9.8%) | |
| Bachelor degree | 7 (53.9%) | 100 (62.5%) | 201 (73.4%) | 315 (73.4%) | |
| Masters, PhD | 5 (38.5%) | 37 (23.1%) | 45 (16.4%) | 72 (16.8%) | |
| Occupation* | |||||
| Nurses and technicians | 7 (53.9%) | 107 (66.9%) | 201 (73.4%) | 304 (70.9%) | 0.003 |
| Specialists and dentists | 4 (30.8%) | 33 (20.6%) | 31 (11.3%) | 41 (9.6%) | |
| GPs and residents | 1 (7.7%) | 4 (2.5%) | 19 (6.9%) | 42 (9.8%) | |
| Pharmacists | 1 (7.7%) | 16 (10.0%) | 23 (8.4%) | 42 (9.8%) | |
| Years of experience in the field (mean)*ψ | 16 | 11.8 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 0.000 |
| Site of work | |||||
| Hospital ICU & ER, RTU n (%) | 2 (16.7%) | 36 (22.6%) | 80 (30.0%) | 143 (34.1%) | 0.145 |
| Hospital medical departments, n (%) | 9 (75.0%) | 97 (61.0%) | 154 (57.7%) | 226 (53.8%) | |
| Other sites, n (%) | 1 (8.3%) | 26 (16.4%) | 33 (12.4%) | 51 (12.1%) | |
| Type of institution | |||||
| Specialized hospital (cancer) | 6 (46.2%) | 56 (35.2%) | 89 (32.6%) | 169 (39.8%) | 0.180 |
| Non-cancer/general hospital (government, private or academic) | 7 (53.9%) | 96 (60.4%) | 175 (64.1%) | 250 (58.8%) | |
| Community pharmacy | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (4.4%) | 9 (3.3%) | 6 (1.4%) | |
| Exposed to potential COVID patients in line of work, yes (versus no) | 12 (92.3%) | 134 (83.8%) | 243 (88.7%) | 392 (91.4%) | 0.065 |
| Work in a COVID-19 specialized ward* | 6 (46.2%) | 47 (29.4%) | 111 (40.5%) | 198 (46.2%) | 0.003 |
| Experienced a high workload during past 30 days, yes (versus no)*ψ | 3 (23.1%) | 54 (33.8%) | 144 (52.6%) | 295 (68.8%) | 0.000 |
| Was satisfied at work (agree, relative to all other responses)* ψ | 12 (92.3%) | 139 (86.9%) | 200 (73.3%) | 226 (52.7%) | 0.000 |
| Agreed that co-workers could be relied on to do their jobs well* | 7 (53.9%) | 100 (62.5%) | 140 (51.3%) | 204 (47.6%) | 0.015 |
| Agreed that peers could openly talk about what was and wasn't working*ψ | 10 (76.9%) | 130 (81.3%) | 176 (64.5%) | 244 (56.9%) | 0.000 |
| Agreed that place of work implemented effective safety measures*ψ | 10 (76.9%) | 116 (72.5%) | 171 (62.4%) | 218 (50.8%) | 0.000 |
| Agreed that sufficient training was provided for use of personal protective equipment*ψ | 10 (76.9%) | 106 (66.3%) | 147 (53.7%) | 203 (47.3%) | 0.000 |
| Availability of full PPE, n (%)* | 6 (46.2%) | 77 (48.1%) | 114 (41.6%) | 142 (33.1%) | 0.005 |
| Reported at least one symptom of Burnout, n (%)*ψ | 0 (0%) | 16 (10.0%) | 88 (32.2%) | 307 (71.8%) | 0.000 |
| Anxiety, past 7 day raw score, mean (SD)* ψ | 4.46 (0.78) | 7.0 (2.4) | 9.33 (2.8) | 13.9 (3.21) | 0.000 |
| Depression, past 7 day raw score, mean (SD)* ψ | 4.60 (2.22) | 5.0 (1.5) | 6.61 (2.33) | 12.0 (3.65) | 0.000 |
| Experienced sleep disturbances, n (%)*ψ | 1 (7.7%) | 12 (7.5%) | 36 (13.1%) | 253 (59.0%) | 0.000 |
| Reported substantial fatigue, n (%)*ψ | 0 (0%) | 25 (15.6%) | 96 (35.0%) | 322 (75.1%) | 0.000 |
*Significant χ2 or ANOVA p value using cutoff of 0.05
ψSignificant χ2 or ANOVA p value using Bonferroni-adjusted cutoff of 0.002