TABLE 3.

NF with control in working memory and cognitive motor.

References	Participant age	Experiment/control	EEG band*	Modality	Goal	Did it work?	Length of Trials/Follow up	Main Findings
Campos da Paz et al., 2018	Average was 69.05 years old	NF training vs. sham NF training vs. no NF training	SMR (sensorimotor rhythm) +	Visual–19 Channels	To test if SMR Protocol can help improve working memory performance in older adults	Yes—to an extent	10 training sessions, twice per week, for 5 weeks	There was a significant improvement in the NF group and the no NF group. However, the sham group also improved, possibly showing that the act of training alone helped improve working memory.
Wang and Hsieh, 2013	Mean age for older NF group—65 years; mean age for younger adult is 21 years,	NF training in younger and older adults vs. placebo NF in younger and older adults	Frontal Midline Theta + , rEEG	Visual—Whole Brain (32 sites)	To test if uptraining theta activity could help improve attention and working memory	Yes—to an extent	3 times per week for 4 weeks	Both NF groups improved over their respective sham groups. Working memory was significantly improved in the older adult NF group. Therefore, using NF to upregulate frontal midline theta, may help with cognitive aging.
Mottaz et al., 2018	Mean age—57.1 years old	Double blind study, cortex FC training vs. control region FC training	Alpha, rEEG FC	Visual—Whole Brain	To see if functional connectivity (FC) had an effect on behavioral motor performance in stroke patients	Yes—to an extent	Two sessions per week over the course of a month for a total of eight sessions, for both the control and NF group	The cortex FC training did elicit improvements in motor function over the FC control, however, there was not long-term retention
Nicholson et al., 2020	Age range—21–59 years	Double blind—experimental group vs. sham control group	Alpha -, rEEG FC	Visual—Pz, fMRI	To see if downregulating alpha waves can help reduce PTSD symptoms and to further investigate the default mode network (DMN) involvement in PTSD.	Yes	Weekly sessions for a 20 week periods with a 3 month clinical follow up, sham control did not receive NF sessions	The PTSD severity scores were lower in the experimental group vs. the sham control. The experimental group also showed a normalization of DMN and SN connectivity.
Subramanian et al., 2011	Age Range- 39–75 years old	Experimental group vs. control group	Supplementary motor area (SMA) +	Motor Imagery—fMRI, whole brain	To see if SMA + NF can improve motor function in patient with Parkinson’s Disease	Yes	2 fMRI scan session with 2 runs of NF 2–6 months apart, with a behavioral follow up two weeks after the 2nd scan session	The experimental group increased their SMA and had an improvement in motor symptoms. The control group did not experience these effects.

*An increase or decrease in EEG band power is indicated with “+” or “-” respectively.

SMR, sensorimotor rhythms; FC, functional connectivity.