Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population at baseline by education level
| Elementary school and below | Middle school | High school degree or above | P for trend | |
| n (%) | 30 024 (29.45) | 35 297 (34.62) | 36 638 (35.93) | -- |
| Prevalence of HTN (n (%)) | 16 322 (54.36) | 15 491 (43.89) | 13 995 (38.20) | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 60.09±8.78 | 55.54±8.19 | 55.05±5.36 | <0.0001 |
| Male (n (%)) | 8000 (26.65) | 12 873 (36.47) | 13 936 (38.04) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.69±3.68 | 24.75±3.55 | 24.46±3.48 | <0.0001 |
| WC (cm) | 83.78±10.06 | 84.19±9.70 | 83.66±9.61 | 0.038 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.99±21.91 | 132.62±20.11 | 129.10±19.23 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.23±11.24 | 79.10±11.04 | 77.59±10.96 | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking (n (%)) | 3783 (12.60) | 6052 (17.15) | 4908 (13.40) | 0.13 |
| Current drinking (n (%)) | 3008 (10.02) | 4074 (11.54) | 3614 (9.86) | 0.22 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.31 (0.93–1.90) | 1.34 (0.95–1.95) | 1.32 (0.94–1.93) | 0.51 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.02±1.13 | 4.96±1.13 | 4.96±1.14 | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.38±0.37 | 1.33±0.36 | 1.31±0.35 | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.88±0.87 | 2.88±0.87 | 2.90±0.88 | 0.0005 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 6.02±1.66 | 5.99±1.66 | 5.89±1.50 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/ml) | 6.30 (4.40–9.00) | 6.80 (4.80–9.60) | 7.10 (5.10–9.90) | <0.0001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 15.00 (11.00–20.00) | 16.00 (11.00–22.00) | 15.00 (11.00–22.00) | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | 21.00 (18.00–26.00) | 20.00 (17.00–25.00) | 20.00 (16.00–24.00) | <0.0001 |
| γ-GGT (U/L) | 20.00 (14.00–30.00) | 21.00 (14.00–32.00) | 20.00 (14.00–31.90) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 93.65 (85.22–99.90) | 96.44 (87.72–103.23) | 96.44 (87.19–103.20) | <0.0001 |
| Ideal physical activity (n (%)) | 2353 (7.84) | 4898 (13.88) | 6684 (18.24) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.61 (1.07–2.44) | 1.73 (1.18–2.58) | 1.80 (1.24–2.63) | <0.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes (n (%)) | 1722 (5.74) | 4452 (12.61) | 6836 (18.66) | <0.0001 |
Data were means±SD or medians (IQRs) for skewed variables or numbers (proportions) for categorical variables.
P for trend was calculated for the linear regression analysis tests across the groups. P values were for analysis of variance or χ2 analyses across the groups.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HTN, hypertension; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference; γ-GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase.