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. 2022 Feb 1;71(5):1020–1032. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Colonocytes and endocrine cells express a variety of receptors able to sense and transmit signals from the microbial environment. Microbial/Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), lipopolyscaccharides (LPS) from the microbiota are detected by pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs). Amuc_1100 is a protein expressed on the outer membrane of Akkermansia muciniphila and which has been shown to signal through TLR2 to improve gut barrier function and reduce inflammation. Metabolites secreted by certain microbes (eg, endocannabinoids (eCBs)), generated by microbial digestion of dietary components (eg, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) or by transformation of host-derived factors (eg, eCBs and bile acids) can be sensed through various receptors and pathways to alter intestinal integrity and host health. CB1, CB2, cannabinoid receptor type 1 and type 2; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; GPR119, GPR43, GPR41, G-protein coupled receptor 119, 43 and 41; MYD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88; PPARα/γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma; TGR5, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5.