Table 5.
Summary statistics
| Mean | SD | Min | Max | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | t-statistic | t-statistic of the coefficient of interest | 2.79 | 2.89 | − 9.08 | 9.97 |
| Difference in dependent variable | GDP as dependent var | = 1, if real GDP is the dependent variable | 0.18 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| GDP per capita as dependent var | = 1, if real GDP per capita is the dependent variable | 0.82 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Data characteristics | Data midpoint 1960s | = 1, if data in study start from 1960s | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Data midpoint 1970s | = 1, if data in study start from 1970s | 0.19 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Data Midpoint 1980s | = 1, if data in study start from 1980s | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Data midpoint 1990s | = 1, if data in study start from 1990s | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Data midpoint 2000s | = 1, if data in study start from 2000s | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Data length | The length of data used for estimation | 32.8 | 27.3 | 0.00 | 181.00 | |
| Panel data | = 1, if data use panel data | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Time series data | = 1, if data use time series data | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Cross-sectional data | = 1, if data use cross-sectional data | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Sample size | The logarithm of the total number of observations used | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Low-income country | = 1 if countries in estimation indicate low-income country | 0.54 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Middle-income country | = 1 if countries in estimation indicate middle-income country | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| High-income country | = 1 if countries in estimation indicate high-income country | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Model estimator characteristics | OLS | = 1 if ordinary least squares estimator is used for estimation | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| GMM | = 1 if generalised moment of method estimator is used for estimation | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| IV | = 1 if instrumental variable estimator is used for estimation | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| FE | = 1 if fixed-effect estimator is used for estimation | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| RE | = 1 if random-effects estimator is used for estimation | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Time series | = 1 if time series estimator is used for estimation | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Health measure difference | Life expectancy | = 1 if life expectancy is used as indicator of health measure | 0.98 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Adult survival rate | = 1 if adult survival rate is used as indicator of health measure | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Model specification characteristics | Model 1 | = 1 if study estimating uses model 1 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Model 2 | = 1 if study estimating uses model 2 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Model 3 | = 1 if study estimating uses model 3 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Model 4 | = 1 if study estimating uses model 4 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Other models | = 1 if study estimating uses the other models | 0.40 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Publication characteristics | Q1 | = 1 if quality of journal based on Scimago journal and country rank is Q1 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | = 1 if quality of journal based on Scimago journal and country rank is Q2 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Q3 | = 1 if quality of journal based on Scimago journal and country rank is Q3 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Q4 | = 1 if quality of journal based on Scimago journal and country rank is Q4 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Unrated journal or working paper | = 1 if study is published in an unrated journal or is still a working paper | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 1.00 | |
| Publication year | The year of publication (demeaned using 2007 as base year) | 0.96 | 8.08 | -13.00 | 13.00 | |
| Impact factor | The recursive RePEc impact factor of the journal | 2.35 | 2.83 | 0 | 8.69 | |
| Country characteristics | Compulsory education | Duration of compulsory education is the number of years that children are legally obliged to attend school. (year) | 9.16 | 1.05 | 5.00 | 16.00 |
| Worker experience | Average age minus average years of schooling minus the age at which schooling starts, which we uniformly assume to be 6 | 13.56 | 4.24 | 3.21 | 23.45 | |
| Log of CO2 emission | Log CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) | 5.40 | 3.40 | 0.04 | 18.95 |
The above data is extracted from the information of studies that we include on the meta-analysis except for data on country characteristics which are taken from the World Development Indicators (WDI), namely data on compulsory education; worker experience; CO2 emissions. GDP is gross domestic product, OLS is ordinary least squares, GMM is generalised method of moment, IV is instrumental variable, FE is fixed effect, RE is random effect, Q1 is quartile one, Q2 is quartile two, Q3 is quartile three, Q4 is quartile four.