TABLE 3.

Parameter estimates for Model 1b: predicting associations between change in loneliness, depression, social anxiety, and SARS-CoV-2 social restrictions.

Model results
	Estimate	Standard error (SE)	Estimate/ SE	p-value
Intercept of loneliness → slope of loneliness	–0.14	0.08	–1.85	0.07
Intercept of depression →
Slope of depression	–0.07	0.12	–0.60	0.55
Intercept of loneliness	0.66	0.02	29.43	<0.001
Slope of loneliness	–0.31	0.10	–3.02	0.003
Intercept of social anxiety →
Slope of social anxiety	1.68	0.36	4.62	<0.001
Intercept of loneliness	0.60	0.02	28.42	<0.001
Slope of loneliness	–0.54	0.15	–3.70	<0.001
Intercept for depression	0.61	0.02	25.58	<0.001
Slope of depression	–0.09	0.08	–1.16	0.25
Slope of depression →
Intercept of loneliness	–0.12	0.07	–1.58	0.12
Slope of loneliness	1.50	0.62	2.41	0.02
Slope of social anxiety →
Intercept of loneliness	0.92	0.18	5.03	<0.001
Slope of loneliness	–0.58	0.23	–2.48	0.01
Intercept of depression	0.85	0.17	5.07	<0.001
Slope of depression	0.43	0.21	2.08	0.04
Intercept of social restrictions →
Slope of social restrictions	3.06	0.21	14.94	<0.001
Intercept of loneliness	–0.16	0.11	–1.41	0.16
Slope of loneliness	–0.02	0.02	–1.13	0.26
Intercept of depression	–0.16	0.07	–2.32	0.02
Slope of depression	0.00	0.01	0.32	0.75
Intercept of social anxiety	–0.05	0.03	–1.57	0.12
Slope of social anxiety	–0.12	0.01	–2.08	0.04
Slope of social restrictions →
Intercept of loneliness	–0.50	0.37	–1.35	0.18
Slope of loneliness	–0.03	0.05	–0.58	0.57
Intercept of depression	–0.21	0.21	–1.00	0.32
Slope of depression	–0.04	0.04	–1.16	0.25
Intercept of social anxiety	–0.05	0.03	–1.58	0.12
Slope of social anxiety	–0.07	0.02	–2.84	0.01

LGCM includes data from the subsample whose country level data on social restristrictions during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic could be retrieved (N = 1562). Linear growth models were estimated, with continuous outcomes; models were estimated using the robust maximum likelihood (MLR) estimator, to account for missing data (20).