TABLE 1.
The main characteristics of different types of cell death.
| Types of Cell death | Morphological Changes | Canonical Initiators | Key Genes | Trigger Inflamma-Tion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apoptosis | The cell shrinks, the chromatin and cell membrane concentrate, and the formation of apoptotic bodies | 1) External initiators: TNF-α, FasL | Caspase- 2, 3,6,7, 8,9,10, Bax, Bak, Bcl-2, p53 | No |
| 2) Internal initiators: | ||||
| multiple stress, DNA damage | ||||
| 3) Endoplasmic reticulum stress | ||||
| Pyroptosis | The cell swells and deforms, the nucleus shrinks, DNA breaks, the cell membrane ruptures, and the cell contents release to cause a series of inflammatory reactions | Inflammation | Caspase-1,3.4,5,8,11, Gasdermin, NLRP1, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18 | Yes |
| Necrosis | The cell volume increases, the organelle swells, the plasma membrane is damage, which eventually leads to cell ruptures, cell contents overflow to surrounding tissues, and the tissues are damaged | TNF-α, chemical or physical factors | RIP1, RIP3, MLKL | Yes |
| Ferroptosis | The cell membrane breaks and bubbles, the mitochondria becomes smaller, the mitochondrial membrane density increases and cristae decreases | Iron, glutamate | GPX4, p53, SLC7A11 | Yes |
| TFR1, IREB2, Nrf2, FSP1, ACSL4 | ||||
| Autophagic cell death | The appearance of double membrane autophagosomes, then combine with lysosomes to form autolysosomes | Hunger, stress, energy metabolism | ATG genes, LC3, p62 | No |
| Paraptosis | The cell membrane is intact, the cytoplasm is vacuolated, the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum is swollen, and the nucleus do not shrink | IGF, insulin | ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38 | No |