Figure 1.

Immunization with LmCen ^-/- generates CD4⁺ TRM cells in the skin. Mice were injected, intradermally, with either LmCen^-/- or L. major wild-type (LmWT) parasites in the right flank, and TRM cell population was assessed at 6 and 15 weeks post-injection by flow cytometry from both right (injected flank) and left flank (distal flank) marked by the red box. Baseline TRM population was measured in flank skin of non-immunized mice. (A) Schematic plan of injection site and experimental time points. (B, C) TRM cell population in the injected flank. (B) CD4⁺CD69⁺ TRM cells and (C) CD4⁺CD69⁺CD103⁺ . (D, E) TRM cell population in the distal flank. (D) CD4⁺CD69⁺ TRM cells and (E) CD4⁺CD69⁺CD103⁺ collected from LmWT and LmCen^-/– injected mice at 6 and 15 weeks post-injection. The Y axis represents the number of TRM cells per 10e6 total cells acquired. Results are representative of one of two independent experiments with n = 3–4 mice per group. Bars represent the means with SEM in each group. Statistical analysis was performed by unpaired two-tailed t-test (**p < 0.009, *p < 0.05, ns, not significant).