Table 1.
Parent Report Form of Language Difficulties by Reading Group.
| Question | DD | % | IR | % | SR | % | χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early language acquisition 1. At what age was your child able to put at least three words together in a phrase for the first time? a | ||||||||
| A) Less than 2 years | 173/309 | 56.0 | 159/254 | 62.6 | 64/87 | 73.6 | χ2(6) = 17.5 | 7.6 × 10−3 |
| B) 2–2.5 years | 85/309 | 27.5 | 66/254 | 26.0 | 20/87 | 23.0 | ||
| C) 2.5–3 years | 35/309 | 11.3 | 25/254 | 9.8 | 3/87 | 3.4 | ||
| D) More than 3 years old | 16/309 b | 5.2 | 4/254 | 1.6 | 0/87 | 0 | ||
| Current expressive language ability 2. Does your child have difficulties expressing himself/herself, producing sentences or carrying out conversations? a | ||||||||
| 78/322 | 24.2 | 44/258 | 17.0 | 11/92 | 12.1% | χ2(2) = 8.8 | .01 | |
| Current receptive language ability 3. Does your child understand directions as well as other children her/his age? c | ||||||||
| 64/319 | 20.0 | 48/257 | 18.7 | 11/91 | 12.0 | χ2(2) = 3.0 | .22 | |
Note. DD = developmental dyslexia; IR = intermediate readers; SR = skilled readers; AR = adjusted residual.
a
Ratio reflects the parents who responded “yes”/total parent responses for a given group. b Significantly contributed to the test (AR = 2.95, p = .003). cRatio reflects the parents who responded “no” to this particular question / total.Denominators may differ when parents did not respond to the question.