Table 1.

Main human trials testing the antioxidant effects of nutraceuticals in CID patients.

Nutraceutical	Human Trial [Reference]	Proved Effectiveness in Human CID Patients
Phytocomplex
Curcuma longa	Yes [62]	More effective than placebo in keeping human patients with quiescent UC in remission
Aloe vera	Yes [70]	Produces clinical response more frequently than placebo and reduction in histological disease activity
Boswellia serrata	Yes [73,74]	Maintains remission over a prolonged period in UC patients
Triticum aestivum	Yes [78]	Efficient treatment for active distal UC as a single or adjuvant treatment
Plantago ovata	Yes [82]	Its seeds have been shown to be as effective as mesalazine in preventing UC relapse
Serpylli herba	no	NA
Vaccinium myrtillus	Yes [86]	Endoscopic and histologic disease activity, as well as fecal calprotectin levels, were considerably reduced in UC
Camellia sinensis	no	NA
Citrus	no	NA
Trace elements
Zinc	no	NA
Selenium	no	NA
Vitamins
Vitamin A	no	NA
Vitamin E	Yes [130]	Enemas containing vitamin E reduced the disease symptoms of mild and moderately active UC
Vitamin C	no	NA

NA: no data available, UC: ulcerative colitis.